Dubitante

Dubitante (Latin: "doubting") is used in law reports of a judge who is doubtful about a legal proposition but hesitates to declare it wrong. E.g., "Justice X acquiesces in the Court's opinion and judgment dubitante on the question of Constitutional preemption."

Some judges use this term after their names in separate opinions, as if analogous to concurring or dissenting. Doing so may signal that the judge has doubts about the soundness of the majority opinion, but not so grave as to cause him to dissent.[1] The legal philosopher Lon L. Fuller said that "the opinion entered dubitante [means that] the judge is unhappy about some aspect of the decision rendered, but cannot quite bring himself to record an open dissent."[2]

Another use—doubt but lack of conviction that the majority is wrong—is illustrated in Judge Friendly's concurrence in Feldman v. Allegheny Airlines, Inc., in which he stated, "Although intuition tells me that the Supreme Court of Connecticut would not sustain the award made here, I cannot prove it. I therefore go along with the majority, although with the gravest doubts."[3]

In 2005, Westlaw recorded 626 uses of the term in the United States.[4] Nearly half of the instances of use of the term come from four federal court of appeals judges: Frank Coffin (First Circuit); Henry J. Friendly (Second Circuit); Frank Easterbrook (Seventh Circuit); and James C. Hill (Eleventh Circuit).[5]

Examples

In Majors, Judge Easterbrook wrote a dubitante opinion, arguing that Judge Posner's opinion ignored four controlling cases from the Supreme court protecting anonymous speech. He added:
"Given McConnell, I cannot be confident that my colleagues are wrong in thinking that five Justices will go along. But I also do not understand how that position can be reconciled with established principles of constitutional law."[6]
United States Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in his concurring opinion: "But I am dubitante on the point that one obtains bank property 'by means of' a fraudulent statement only if that statement is 'the mechanism naturally inducing a bank (or custodian of bank property) to part with money in its control'. . . . What the proper solution may be should in my view be left for another day."

References

  1. Jason J. Czarnezki, The Dubitante Opinion
  2. Lon Fuller, Anatomy of the Law 147 (1968) (quoted in Credit Suisse First Boston Corp. v. Grunwald, 400 F.3d 1119, 1151 (9th Cir. 2005)).
  3. 524 F.2d 384, 393 (2d Cir. 1975).
  4. In Jason J. Czarnezki, The Dubitante Opinion, 39 Akron L. Rev. 1, 2 (2006), it is written that in the United States "the term has been used in only 626 written opinions" as of 2005. About 40 percent of these are federal court cases, 12 of which are from the U.S. Supreme Court. Id. at 3.
  5. Id.
  6. Id. Judge Easterbrook is one of the most frequent users of dubitante among those few judges who use the term. See supra note 4.
  7. http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/directory/10247/Fallon
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