Dumbarton Rail Bridge

Dumbarton Rail Bridge

Dumbarton Rail Bridge in 2003.
Coordinates 37°29′35″N 122°06′59″W / 37.493137°N 122.116478°W / 37.493137; -122.116478Coordinates: 37°29′35″N 122°06′59″W / 37.493137°N 122.116478°W / 37.493137; -122.116478
Carries single-track railway
Crosses San Francisco Bay (Newark Slough)
Other name(s) Dumbarton Point Bridge
Dumbarton Bridge
Named for Dumbarton Point
Owner SamTrans
Characteristics
Design Pratt through-truss with central swing Pennsylvania (Petit) through-truss span, timber trestle approaches on east and west
Total length 8,058 feet (2,456 m)
  (including approaches & Newark Slough Bridge)
1,390 feet (420 m)
  (steel structure)[1]
Longest span 310 feet (94 m)
Number of spans 7, excluding approaches
History
Designer William Hood[2]
Constructed by Southern Pacific[2]
Construction begin c.1907
Construction end June 1910
Construction cost US$3,500,000 (equivalent to $88,900,000 in 2015)[1]
Inaugurated September 12, 1910 (1910-09-12)
Collapsed 1998
Closed 1982
Dumbarton Rail Bridge
Location in San Francisco Bay Area

Just to the south of the Dumbarton road bridge lies the Dumbarton Rail Bridge. Built in 1910, the rail bridge was the first structure to span San Francisco Bay, shortening the rail route between Oakland and San Francisco by 26 miles (42 km). The last freight train traveled over the bridge in 1982, and it has been proposed since 1991 to reactivate passenger train service (connecting Caltrain on the Peninsula with ACE, BART and the Capitol Corridor in the East Bay) to relieve traffic on the road bridges. Part of the western timber trestle approach collapsed in a suspected arson fire in 1998.[3]

History

The first passenger train crosses the Dumbarton Bridge in 1910.

The Dumbarton Rail Bridge (then known as the Dumbarton Point Bridge or, simply, Dumbarton Bridge; one of the major structures of the Dumbarton Cut-off rail line)[4] was championed by E. H. Harriman.[1] Prior to the completion of the Dumbarton Cut-off, transcontinental rail freight was offloaded at Oakland and ferried to San Francisco.[5] Preliminary work started in 1904 with the condemnation of land at Dumbarton Point,[6] and the incorporation of the Central California Railway Company, created by several Southern Pacific officers for the sole purpose of building a rail line from Newark to San Mateo.[7] There was some opposition to the bridge from local business groups,[8] and the United States Army Corps of Engineers held a public hearing in August 1906 inviting public feedback on the plans for the bridge.[9] Henry Rengstorff argued the bridge would impede water traffic, which was needed as an alternate route in case of a railroad strike or natural disaster, such as the recent earthquake.[10]

Construction 1907–1910

Work on the eastern trestle approaches was nearly complete by the end of 1907, but it was the foundation for the steel structure over the San Francisco Bay that posed the greatest challenge,[11] due to the rushing current and marshy land approaches.[12][13] Tracks were laid from Niles to Dumbarton starting in late 1906,[14] and on the opposite side of the Bay, tracks were laid between Redwood City and the western bridge approach in 1908.[15]

The Dumbarton Cut-off rail line includes a second swing bridge to the east of the Dumbarton Rail Bridge, spanning Newark Slough.[16] The Newark Slough bridge was complete by May 1908.[17]

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Dumbarton Rail Bridge (1910)

The bridge was initially anticipated to be completed in mid-1907,[18] then March 1909,[5] but it was not completed and opened until June 1910, providing San Francisco with a more direct transcontinental rail link for freight and passenger service, avoiding detours through Santa Clara and San Jose.[19] Just prior to its opening, the San Francisco Call described the existing Southern Pacific passenger rail station at Third and Townsend as "notoriously inadequate," calling for a new or relocated station closer to Market Street.[19] One of the conditions imposed on Southern Pacific in granting the construction permit was the Cut-off would be open all railroad companies, although as the owner, Southern Pacific would be allowed to charge a toll.[1]

In service

Freight service started on September 12, 1910,[20] and the first passenger train crossed the Dumbarton Cut-off on September 25, 1910, although that was a special-event train, as Southern Pacific, the owner of the Cut-off, intended to limit traffic to freight service.[1][2] At the time, it was the most expensive bridge structure built in California.[21] Newark celebrated the start of rail service with a picnic.[2] Regular passenger service departing Newark was established in 1911;[22] the western terminus was Redwood City, where passengers could connect to the regular San Francisco – San Jose service.

The increased freight service afforded by the Dumbarton Cut-off caused some Hillsborough residents to complain about the black smoke.[23] The Central California Railway transferred ownership of the entire Dumbarton Cut-off rail line from Niles to Redwood City to the Central Pacific (itself another subsidiary of Southern Pacific) in March 1912.[24]

Dumbarton Rail Bridge swing span (left); truss span (right) (1910)

Some sections of the timber trestles were replaced with precast concrete structures in the 1960s and 1970s.[25] The last freight train passed over the Dumbarton Cut-off in May 1982.[26]

January 1998 fire

On the night of 2 January 1998, the western trestle approach caught on fire, and the smoke from the creosote-treated timbers forced the shutdown of the Dumbarton (road) Bridge in both directions.[27] The fire was not extinguished until noon on 3 January 1998, despite a rainstorm. Access to the bridge was difficult, and firefighters were forced to use a rail maintenance vehicle along with a pump truck with a large reservoir, as the wetlands precluded access via fireboat. Arson was suspected as the cause of the fire, but never proven.[28]

Newark Slough Bridge
Coordinates 37°30′48″N 122°04′55″W / 37.513468°N 122.081970°W / 37.513468; -122.081970
Carries single-track railway
Crosses Newark Slough
Other name(s) Newark Slough Drawbridge
Named for Newark Slough
Owner SamTrans
Characteristics
Design swing Baltimore through-truss span, timber trestle approaches on east and west
Total length 422 feet (129 m)
  (including approaches)
182 feet (55 m)
  (steel structure)[25]
Longest span 182 feet (55 m)
Number of spans 1, excluding approaches
History
Construction begin c.1907
Construction end May 1908[17]
Inaugurated September 12, 1910 (1910-09-12)
Closed 1982

Dumbarton Rail Corridor

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Central California Railway route (1910)

There are plans for new rail bridges, new stations, and rehabilitation of the rail line to serve a commuter rail service to connect Union City, Fremont, and Newark to San Francisco and San Jose.[29] The proposed Dumbarton Rail Corridor service would provide six westbound trains originating from a rebuilt Union City intermodal station; after crossing the rebuilt Dumbarton Cut-off bridges, three trains would proceed north to San Francisco and three trains would proceed south to San Jose, making limited stop service at the existing Caltrain stations. From Union City, trains would stop at stations in Fremont (Fremont Centerville Station), Newark and Menlo Park/East Palo Alto before joining the main Caltrain line at Redwood City (northbound) or Menlo Park (southbound). In the afternoon, the six trains would return from San Francisco and San Jose to Union City. No reverse commute, mid-day, or night-time trains would be part of the initial service. Two more stations could be added in Redwood City (2nd Avenue) and Hayward (Hayward BART) if rider participation would justify the cost.[30]

Hayward
↑
Newark
↑
Willow Road
2nd Ave
  • Dumbarton Rail Corridor proposed stations
  •  Existing stations rebuilt to add service
  •  New stations to be built
  •  Potential stations (expanded ridership)

SamTrans purchased the entire Dumbarton Cut-off from Redwood Junction to Newark Junction for US$6,900,000 (equivalent to $11,000,000 in 2015) in early 1994,[31] with the help of a loan from Caltrans. Although the Dumbarton Rail Corridor was almost fully funded in 2001 (the Metropolitan Transportation Commission estimated the total capital cost for the Dumbarton Rail Corridor was US$129,000,000 (equivalent to $172,400,000 in 2015); of that, 91% had been secured or was pending via local sales taxes in San Mateo, Alameda, and Santa Clara Counties),[32] subsequent studies, including the 2003 Dumbarton Rail Corridor Project Study Report,[33] identified several deficiencies in the existing infrastructure. The 2003 Project Study Report proposed replacing the Dumbarton Rail Bridge swing span with a new bascule span, with the option for remote control from the Caltrain operations center or local control; the report also proposed replacing the Newark Slough Bridge swing span with a simpler steel girder swing span under local control, normally left closed to prioritize rail traffic over marine traffic. Other proposed improvements included a proposed fourteen-span bridge over Alameda Creek to separate freight and passenger traffic.

The required improvements to infrastructure drove up project costs dramatically. In 2004, the total capital cost had increased to an estimated US$277,600,000 (equivalent to $347,800,000 in 2015).[34] However, Regional Measure 2 (RM2) was approved by a majority of Bay Area voters in March 2004, raising toll rates by US$1 on the region's toll bridges. US$135,000,000 (equivalent to $169,100,000 in 2015) was allotted to the Dumbarton Rail Corridor project from the increased tolls as one of the headline projects cited by supporters of RM2.[35] In 2008, US$91,000,000 (equivalent to $100,000,000 in 2015) in RM2 funds were loaned from Dumbarton Rail Corridor to BART for work on the Warm Springs Extension.[36] The 2008 estimate for DRC capital costs had risen to US$596,000,000 (equivalent to $655,000,000 in 2015), compared to the nearly US$300,000,000 (equivalent to $375,800,000 in 2015) in available funding that had been committed with the passage of RM2 in 2004,[37] reducing the feasibility of Dumbarton Rail Corridor. The $91 million loan would become a grant in 2014 when the Metropolitan Transportation Commission voted to forgive the terms of the loan. With RM2 funds deprogrammed from Dumbarton Rail Corridor, the project was suspended.

Design

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Dumbarton Rail Bridge swing span
(Petit through-truss, 1910)

The Dumbarton Rail Bridge carries a single railroad track on six 180-foot (55 m) Pratt through-truss spans and a central 310-foot (94 m) swing Petit through-truss span, for a total steel bridge length of 1,390 feet (420 m).[1] The steel structure is symmetric, with three truss spans flanking each side of the central swing span. Each 180-foot (55 m) truss span weighs approximately 470 to 480 short tons (430 to 440 t).[4][13] The six truss spans were constructed on shore and floated into place using a converted freight car boat, the Thoroughfare.[2][4] The swing span weighs approximately 1,215 to 1,500 short tons (1,102 to 1,361 t).[4][21] When the swing span is open to accommodate water traffic, it affords a 125-foot (38 m) wide navigation channel to either side.[2] The eastern trestle approach is 1,002 feet (305 m) long, and the western trestle approach was 5,366 feet (1,636 m) long.[1][21]

The steel structure was designed to accommodate a double-track line. Both eastern and western trestle approaches were designed and built with single track service,[4] as they were completed prior to the decision to accommodate double-track service on the steel structure.[38] The swing span was completed with double-track lines.[4]

Dumbarton Rail Bridge profile and depth (1910)

The bridge was designed to accommodate automobile or horse traffic on an overhead platform.[19] A proposal for an upper-deck road was advanced in 1907, prior to the completion of the bridge,[39] but was dismissed as unlikely just a few months later.[40]

The Cut-off reduces the distance (by rail) between Oakland and San Francisco by 26.1 miles (42.0 km).[4]

The depth of the Bay at the middle of the channel was 50 feet (15 m) at mean low tide, with a mean high tide variance of 6 feet (1.8 m). Preliminary test piles had shown the mud was 2 to 4 feet (0.61 to 1.22 m) deep in the middle of the channel and 16 to 18 feet (4.9 to 5.5 m) deep at the shoreline, atop a layer of sand and gravel ranging from 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m) deep. Each truss span rests on two cylindrical concrete piers 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter at either end, except where the truss spans meet the swing span. The truss-swing span interface is supported on four cylindrical concrete piers 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter. The swing span's center is supported by a 40-foot (12 m) diameter cylindrical concrete pier resting atop more than one hundred piles.[4]

Dumbarton Rail Bridge in 2007 (seen from a kayak)

The original bridge design for the San Francisco Bay span called for trestle approaches all the way to the swing span. On 21 August 1907, the supports for a 120-foot (37 m) section of eastern approach trestle, which had been built to within 120 feet (37 m) of the swing span, washed out in the receding tide and the bridge plans were modified. The first proposed change was to modify the trestle approaches 200 feet (61 m) immediately to the east and 600 feet (180 m) immediately to the west of the swing span by changing these to double-track width. However, the wider trestle bents continued to vibrate in the receding tide. The final as-built design eliminated approximately 1,080 feet (330 m) of trestle approaches in favor of the six 180-foot (55 m) steel truss spans, three on either side of the swing span.[4]

The swing span across Newark Slough is similar to the Dumbarton Rail Bridge swing span; both are through-truss swing spans, both are sized for double-track service, and both have the mechanical/Operator's house atop the center of the truss. The Newark Slough bridge is 182 feet (55 m) long[25] and is a Baltimore truss design. The single-track timber trestle approaches to the Newark Slough swing span are built all the way to the swing span rest piers, and so the as-built Newark Slough span is presumably similar to the original design of the Dumbarton Rail Bridge, prior to the 1907 redesign incorporating flanking trusses.[4][16]

When the Dumbarton Rail Bridge was in use, boaters would signal the operator, who would start a diesel engine and rotate the bridge to the open position on a large gear. The bridge could swing open or closed in two minutes.[4] The bridge has now been welded permanently into the open position.[26]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "First Passenger Train Crosses Dumbarton Cutoff". San Francisco Call 108 (117). 25 September 1910. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Dumbarton Cutoff Makes Newark". San Francisco Call 108 (93). 1 September 1910. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  3. ↑ Kazak, Don (1998-01-07). "FIREFIGHTERS: Dumbarton rail bridge destroyed". Palo Alto Online. Archived from the original on 2004-08-14. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Schneider, E. J. (January 1913). "Construction Problems, Dumbarton Bridge, Central California Railway". Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers 39 (1): 117–128. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  5. 1 2 "To Finish Dumbarton Cut-off Next Week". Sacramento Union 116 (124). 25 December 1908. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  6. ↑ "Seeks to Condemn Land". Los Angeles Herald 32 (18). 19 October 1904. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  7. ↑ "Another Big Railroad Deal". The Evening News (San Jose). 3 October 1904. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  8. ↑ "Object to Big Bridge". Los Angeles Herald 33 (281). Associated Press. 8 July 1906. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  9. ↑ "Heuer Invites Criticism on Dumbarton Bridge". San Francisco Call 100 (77). 16 August 1906. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  10. ↑ "Fight Dumbarton Point Bridge". San Francisco Call 100 (84). 24 August 1906. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  11. ↑ "Dumbarton Bridge is Approaching Completion". San Francisco Call 103 (2). 2 December 1907. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  12. ↑ "Work on Dumbarton Bridge". San Francisco Call 104 (150). 28 October 1908. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  13. 1 2 "Dumbarton Bridge is Two-Thirds Completed". San Francisco Call 106 (164). 11 November 1909. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  14. ↑ "Begin Niles Cut-off". San Francisco Call 101 (9). 9 December 1906. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  15. ↑ "Start to Lay Tracks". San Francisco Call 103 (117). 26 March 1908. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  16. 1 2 Dante (22 November 2004). "Exploring Newark's Railroads Page 2A". the-kgb.com. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  17. 1 2 "Gossip of Railwaymen". San Francisco Call 103 (179). 27 May 1908. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  18. ↑ "Complete Bay Shore Tunnels". Los Angeles Herald 34 (73). 13 December 1906. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 "Dumbarton Bridge Inaugurates New Era for San Francisco". San Francisco Call 108 (4). 4 June 1910. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  20. ↑ "Trains Cross $4,000,000 Cut-off at Dumbarton". Los Angeles Herald 37 (348). 14 September 1910. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 "Southern Pacific Freight Trains Running over Dumbarton Cut-off". Sacramento Union 120 (23). 14 September 1910. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  22. ↑ "Regular Trains Cross the Dumbarton Cutoff". San Francisco Call 111 (27). 27 December 1911. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  23. ↑ "Smoke of Locomotives Disturbs B'lingum Set". San Francisco Call 108 (140). 18 October 1910. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  24. ↑ "Central Pacific Acquires Railway". San Francisco Call 111 (113). 22 March 1912. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  25. 1 2 3 Go, Kuan S.; Treyger, Semyon; Jones, Michael; Hill, Stephen J.; Susanto, Bernard; Yang, Wenlin (2009). Retrofit and Replacement of Dumbarton Railroad Bridges (PDF) (Report). AREMA. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  26. 1 2 Emory, Jerry (1995). "Dumbarton Bridge & Piers to Moffett Field". In Gustaitis, Rasa. San Francisco Bay Shoreline Guide. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-520-08878-6. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  27. ↑ "Bay Area Datelines: Toxic smoke closes Dumbarton Bridge". San Francisco Chronicle. 4 January 1998. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  28. ↑ Doyle, Jim (5 January 1998). "Mysterious Fire On Trestle Probed / Rail bridge near Dumbarton collapsed into S.F. Bay". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  29. ↑ "Dumbarton Rail Corridor". San Mateo County Transit Authority. 30 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  30. ↑ HNTB Corporation (3 March 2006). Dumbarton Rail Corridor Environmental Phase 1 Report: Alternatives Analysis and Project Purpose and Need (PDF) (Report). San Mateo County Transit Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  31. ↑ Stein, Loren (9 December 1998). "TRANSPORTATION: Dumbarton rail service chugs forward". Palo Alto Online. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  32. ↑ Regional Transit Expansion Policy: Initial Assessment (PDF) (Report). Metropolitan Transportation Commission. August 2001. pp. 61–62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  33. ↑ "Summary of the Dumbarton Rail Corridor Project Study Report" (PDF). San Mateo County Transit Authority. May 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  34. ↑ Transportation 2030 Project Evaluation Summary (PDF) (Report). Metropolitan Transportation Commission. 9 April 2004. Retrieved 18 March 2016. San Mateo County ID 528: Dumbarton Rail Corridor / Submitted by San Mateo County Transportation Authority — Capital Cost $277.6 (millions, 2004$; total cost)
  35. ↑ Cabanatuan, Michael (22 February 2004). "ELECTION 2004: Transportation Measure 2 / The Bay Area's Big Decision / Bridge toll boost would fund mass transit". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  36. ↑ "Resolution No. 3434, Revised - 2008 Strategic Plan Update" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Commission. 24 September 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2016. To address the cash flow challenges wherein the $145 million surplus fare revenue on the BART SFO Extension are not expected to be available during the BART to Warm Springs construction period, $91 million of Regional Measure 2 (RM2) and $54 million, shared equally, in funding advanced from MTC and BART/ACTIA are proposed. This proposal is conditioned on the following: 1) the Commission holding a public hearing and approving reassignment of $91 million in RM2 funds from the Dumbarton Rail project and the BART to Warm Springs project; and 2) first priority and equivalent repayment of $27 million each to MTC and ACTIA/BART from the surplus BART SFO Extension revenues
  37. ↑ "Amendments to Regional Measure 2 Capital Projects" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Commission. 14 May 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  38. ↑ "Orders No Delay on Drawbridge". San Francisco Call 103 (134). 12 April 1908. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  39. ↑ "Plan for Road Across Bridge at Dumbarton". San Francisco Call 102 (123). 1 October 1907. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  40. ↑ "Discuss Building of Bridge at Dumbarton". San Francisco Call 103 (1). 1 December 1907. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
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