Supreme Court of the Netherlands

Supreme Court of the Netherlands
Hoge Raad der Nederlanden
Hoge Raad, Lange Voorhout, The Hague
Established	1 October 1838
Country	Netherlands, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Aruba
Location	The Hague, Netherlands
Coordinates	52°5′0.52″N 4°18′41.85″E / 52.0834778°N 4.3116250°ECoordinates: 52°5′0.52″N 4°18′41.85″E / 52.0834778°N 4.3116250°E
Composition method	Selected by the House of Representatives on advice of the Supreme Court and appointed by royal decree.
Authorized by	Constitution of the Netherlands Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Judge term length	Life tenure with mandatory retirement at the age of 70.
Number of positions	Varies (currently 36)
Website	www.hogeraad.nl
President of the Supreme Court
Currently	Maarten Feteris
Since	1 November 2014[1]

The Supreme Court of the Netherlands (Dutch: Hoge Raad der Nederlanden pronounced [ˈɦoːɣə raːdɛr ˈneːdərlɑndə(n)],^[2] literally "High Council of the Netherlands") is one of the highest courts of the Netherlands, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Aruba.^[3] The Court was established on 1 October 1838 and sits in The Hague, Netherlands.^[4]

The Court has exclusive final jurisdiction over civil and criminal matters. In administrative cases it shares jurisdiction with the adjudicative division of the Council of State, the Central Appeals Tribunal (Centrale Raad van Beroep) and the Trade and Industry Appeals Tribunal (College van Beroep van het bedrijfsleven). The Court is a court of cassation, which means that it has the competence to quash or affirm rulings of lower courts, but no competence to re-examine or question the facts. It only considers whether the lower courts applied the law correctly and the rulings have sufficient reasoning.^[5] In so doing it establishes case law. According to Article 120 of the Constitution, the Court may not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the States General and treaties. With the exception of Sint Maarten, the Court has thus no competence for judicial review with respect to the Constitution.^[6][7]

The Supreme Court currently consists of 36 judges: a president, 6 vice-presidents, 25 justices (raadsheren, literally "Lords of the Council") and 4 justices in exceptional service (buitengewone dienst).^[8] All judges are appointed for life, until they retire at their own request or mandatorily at the age of 70.^[9]

History

The development of cassation in the Netherlands was heavily influenced by the French during the Batavian Revolution at the end of 18th century. The establishment of the Supreme Court on 1838 brought an end to the Grote Raad van Mechelen and its successor the Hoge Raad van Holland, Zeeland en West-Friesland, which both served as high appellate courts.^[4]

Authority

In the Netherlands a case is first heard by one of the ten district courts (rechtbanken). Afterwards, either side may appeal to one of the four courts of appeal (gerechtshoven). Finally, either party may file a cassation appeal to the Supreme Court.

Composition

Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by royal decree, chosen from a list of three, advised by the House of Representatives on the advice of the Court itself. The justices are, like every other judge in the Netherlands, appointed for life, until they retire at their own will or after reaching the age of 70. Upon reaching the age of 60, a justice may change status to exceptional (also known as special) service, with the effect that the justice no longer plays a full role at the Court.

The Supreme Court is divided into four chambers: the first or civil chamber, the second or criminal chamber, the third or tax chamber and the fourth or 'ombuds' chamber. The members of the fourth chamber are chosen ad hoc, but will include the President of the Court.^[9]

Current justices

As of January 2016, the first three chambers are composed as follows:^[9]

Name	Chamber	Invested	Born
Numann, ErnstErnst Numann (Vice President)	Civil chamber	2000	1950
Bakels, FlorisFloris Bakels (Vice President)	Civil chamber	2003	1949
van Buchem-Spapens, AnnemarieAnnemarie van Buchem-Spapens	Civil chamber	1 September 1998	1951
Streefkerk, KeesKees Streefkerk	Civil chamber	1 October 2004	1955
Heisterkamp, ToonToon Heisterkamp	Civil chamber	1 February 2007	1953
Snijders, GerbrantGerbrant Snijders	Civil chamber	1 June 2011	1961
de Groot, DinekeDineke de Groot	Civil chamber	1 February 2012	1965
Polak, MartijnMartijn Polak	Civil chamber	1 September 2012	1961
van den Brink, VincentVincent van den Brink	Civil chamber	1 October 2012	1966
Tanja-Van den Broek, TanjaTanja Tanja-Van den Broek	Civil chamber	1 January 2014	1964
van Schendel, WillemWillem van Schendel (Vice President)	Criminal chamber	2001	1950
van Dorst, LeoLeo van Dorst (Vice President)	Criminal chamber	1999	1949
de Savornin Lohman, BonBon de Savornin Lohman	Criminal chamber	1 April 2000	1947
de Hullu, JaapJaap de Hullu	Criminal chamber	1 September 2003	1958
Splinter-Van Kan, TinekeTineke Splinter-Van Kan	Criminal chamber	24 January 2005	1947
Buruma, YboYbo Buruma	Criminal chamber	1 September 2011	1955
van de Griend, ElishewaElishewa van de Griend	Criminal chamber	1 February 2014	1963
van Strien, NastjaNastja van Strien	Criminal chamber	1 June 2015	1961
Faase, EvelineEveline Faase	Criminal chamber	1 September 2015	1958
Borgers, MatthiasMatthias Borgers	Criminal chamber	1 January 2016	1973
Balkema, JeppeJeppe Balkema[Note 1]	Criminal chamber	1998	1946
Ilsink, JanJan Ilsink[Note 1]	Criminal chamber	2003	1946
Feteris, MaartenMaarten Feteris (President)	Tax chamber	2008	1960
Overgaauw, JacquesJacques Overgaauw (Vice President)	Tax chamber	2008	1951
Koopman, RobertRobert Koopman (Vice President)	Tax chamber	1 February 2010	1962
van Vliet, DickDick van Vliet	Tax chamber	1997	1946
Bavinck, BernardBernard Bavinck	Tax chamber	1 January 2000	1946
Punt, LiesbethLiesbeth Punt	Tax chamber	24 January 2005	1962
Schaap, CeesCees Schaap	Tax chamber	1 September 2006	1947
van Loon, PietPiet van Loon	Tax chamber	1 February 2009	1954
Fierstra, MarcMarc Fierstra	Tax chamber	1 June 2009	1959
Groeneveld, TheoTheo Groeneveld	Tax chamber	1 February 2012	1948
Wortel, JulesJules Wortel	Tax chamber	1 February 2012	1954
van Kalmthout, LoekLoek van Kalmthout	Tax chamber	1 June 2013	1955
van Hilten, MarikenMariken van Hilten	Tax chamber	1 September 2015	1964
Lourens, PeterPeter Lourens[Note 1]	Tax chamber	1999	1946
van den Berge, JaapJaap van den Berge[Note 1]	Tax chamber	2001	1948

1. Justice in exceptional service.

Second World War

Lodewijk Ernst Visser, president of the Dutch Supreme Court from 1939-1941

During the German occupation, the Supreme Court kept functioning. In November 1940 the occupiers forced the president, Judge L. E. Visser, to resign because he was Jewish. Visser's colleagues did not protest. The members who remained also signed a compulsory declaration about Aryans.

After the liberation, people reproached the Court for a weak and legalistic attitude. The Court wished above all to guarantee the continuity of its jurisdiction and not to become involved in politics. However such chances as there were to take a stand on principle against the Germans were largely missed. The Justices either omitted to give a moral example or felt they were not in a position to do so.^[10] This was demonstrated in a so-called "Test sentence", (Supreme Court, 12 January 1942, NJ 1942/271), in which the Supreme Court ruled that a Dutch judge could not contest the decrees of the occupying force on the basis of international law, in particular the 1907 regulation prescribed for a country at war. In this the Supreme Court followed the advice of the barrister-general A. Rombach. The judgment concerned a case in which a man was sentenced by the economic judge for an "economic offence" (the purchase of pork without valid coupons). The counsel for the accused, P. Groeneboom, argued in his defense before the Supreme Court on 27 October 1941 that the judge had the authority to challenge the regulations of the occupying force on the basis of the regulation prescribed for a country at war, the decree of the Führer and the first regulation of the government commissioner. When the Supreme Court (in a judgment of 12 January 1942) denied the possibility of contesting rules issued by the German government, the Netherlands followed what was the rule in Germany and Italy too. On the basis of two emergency measures Hitler had the authority to issue incontestable rules, and the legal establishment acknowledged not it was not allowed to challenge "political" measures. "Political" in this case was what the political authorities considered to be political. In Italy the Court of Appeal recognized the free authority of Mussolini and the judge's lack of authority to control it.^[11] Meihuizen says about the Dutch test sentence: "A sentence with far-reaching consequences because with this, barristers were not given the chance to bring before the judge the question of the validity of legislation which had been issued by or on behalf of the occupier."^[12]:85 The Supreme Court defended this sentence in retrospect with the conjecture that the Germans would never accept their decrees being contested and might have intervened in a negative way with the legal establishment, resulting in a further diminishing of citizens' legal protection.^[10]

In 1943 the seat of the Supreme Court was temporarily moved from The Hague to Nijmegen. With the liberation of Nijmegen in September 1944, this led to a situation in which, although the seat was on liberated ground, most of the Justices found themselves still in occupied territory. After the war, there was not much done to clear matters; lawyers who had collaborated with the Germans generally kept their jobs or got important other positions. A crucial role in this affair was played by J. Donner, who became president of the Supreme Court in 1946.^[10]

See also

• Judiciary of the Netherlands

References

1. "mr. M.W.C. (Maarten) Feteris, president Hoge Raad". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). Hoge Raad der Nederlanden. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
2. In isolation, Raad and der are pronounced, respectively, [raːt] and [dɛr].
3. "Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
4. "Geschiedenis van de Hoge Raad". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 18 September 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
5. "Supreme Court". Rechtspraak.nl. De Rechtspraak. 10 August 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
6. According to article 120 of the Constitution of the Netherlands, judges will not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the States General and treaties.
7. For a discussion of judicial review in the Netherlands see J. Uzman, T. Barkhuysen, and M.L. van Emmerik, "The Dutch Supreme Court: A Reluctant Positive Legislator?" (PDF). Retrieved 16 July 2014.
8. "The World Factbook". cia.gov.
9. "Raad". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
10. Corjo Jansen en Derk Venema, "The Supreme Court and the Second World War" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2011.
11. Derk Venema, "Judges in war time: The Dutch judiciary's confrontation with national socialism and the occupation" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2007.
12. Joggli Meihuizen, "Narrow Margins. The Dutch Bar during World War II." (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2010 (an English summary was also published by Boom, Amsterdam, 2010).

External links

• Official website