Eurojust

Eurojust
Agency overview
Formed 6 March 2002 (2002-03-06)
Jurisdiction European Union
Headquarters The Hague, Netherlands
Employees 339 (2014)
Annual budget € 32.4 million (2014)
Agency executives
  • Klaus Rackwitz, Administrative Director
  • Michèle Coninsx, President of the College
Key document
Website eurojust.europa.eu

Eurojust (also spelled capitalised as EUROJUST) is an agency of the European Union (EU) dealing with judicial co-operation in criminal matters. The seat of Eurojust is in The Hague.

Established in 2002, it was created to improve handling of serious cross-border and organized crime by stimulating investigative and prosecutorial co-ordination among agencies of the EU Member States. Eurojust is composed of a College formed of 28 National Members—experienced judges, prosecutors, or police officers of equivalent competence from each EU Member State. The terms and duties of the members are defined by the state that appoints them. Eurojust also co-operates with third states and other EU bodies such as the European Judicial Network, Europol, and OLAF.

History

Eurojust was established as a result of a decision that the European Council of Tampere (15–16 October 1999) made to set up a permanent judicial co-operation unit in order to improve the fight against serious crime.[1] The Treaty of Nice amended the Treaty on the European Union to include a reference to Eurojust.[2] On 14 December 2000, a precursor organization called Pro-Eurojust was created by the Council of the European Union to permit prosecutors to test the Eurojust processes. It began operating in Brussels on 1 March 2001.[3] The terrorist attacks in the U.S. in September of that year demonstrated strongly the need for international cooperation, speeding the development of Eurojust, which was then established in February 2002 by Council Decision 2002/187/JHA.[4][5] The new organization settled in The Hague on 29 April 2003.[6]

Since its establishment, Eurojust has focused heavily on forging international co-operation agreements and building out international contact points, including the basing at Eurojust of several liaison prosecutors (Norway and the USA).[3] In addition to these three nations, it has co-operation agreements with Europol, OLAF, CEPOL, the European Judicial Training Network, UNODC, Iber-RED,[7] Croatia (before it entered the European Union on the 1st of July 2013, thus joining EUROJUST), Iceland, Switzerland, and Macedonia.[3]

The New Council Decision on the Strengthening of Eurojust was signed on July 2008 to enhance Eurojust's cooperation with partners and third States and to generally strengthen its operational capabilities.[3]

Functions

Types of crimes and offences

According to the Eurojust Decision, Eurojust may act when two or more Member states are affected crimes in which Europol is entitled to act, including organised crime, terrorism and other forms of serious crime (unlawful drug trafficking, illegal moneylaundering activities, crime connected with nuclear and radioactive substances, illegal immigrant smuggling, trafficking in human beings, motor vehicle crime, murder, grievous bodily injury, illicit trade in human organs and tissue, kidnapping, illegal restraint and hostage taking, racism and xenophobia, organised robbery, illicit trafficking in cultural goods, including antiquities and works of art, swindling and fraud, racketeering and extortion, counterfeiting and product piracy, forgery of administrative documents and trafficking therein, forgery of money and means of payment, computer crime, corruption, illicit trafficking in arms, ammunition and explosives, illicit trafficking in endangered animal species, illicit trafficking in endangered plant species and varieties, environmental crime, illicit trafficking in hormonal substances and other growth promoters).[8] It may also act on other types of crime if they are committed together with one of the above or if it is requested by a member state.[9] In 2010, about 10% of the cases handled by Eurojust fell into this category.[10]

The ICC and Eurojust building in The Hague

Eurojust's primary focus are on crimes that represent an "especial threat" to citizens, such as terrorism, drug trafficking, trafficking in human beings, cybercrime, fraud, corruption, money laundering and other economic crime.[10]

Tasks

Eurojust is not empowered to investigate or prosecute crimes, but instead works to coordinate investigations and prosecutions between the EU Member States when dealing with cross-border crime.[4][11] They may also assist investigations and prosecutions between a requesting Member State and a non-Member State where a co-operation agreement exists or where there is special need.[12]

Eurojust's tasks may vary depending on whether it is acting a college or through national members. Among other tasks, Eurojust may:[4]

As Eurojust is tasked with facilitating the execution of letters rogatory and extradition requests, it also may act on European Arrest Warrants (EAW).[16] When more than one EAW exists for one individual, Eurojust may advise the judicial authority that executes the EAW which should take priority and may also facilitate communication between the judicial authorities involved. It is also the body to which member states may report delays in execution of EAWs of the reason for such delay. In 2010, a total of 280 cases concerning the execution of EAWs were registered at Eurojust, amounting to almost 20 per cent of all cases.[10]

Eurojust may also take part in a joint investigation team (JIT) or, on request of a member state, help establish one and/or assist in managing one administratively or by securing funding. Such teams are created on the agreement of two or more involved parties for a specific purpose and limited time to carry out criminal investigations in one or more of the member states involved.[17][18] JITs were established on the belief that cross-state teams of investigators and judicial authorities with clear legal authority and defined roles would improve the fight against organised crime.[19]

Caseload

Eurojust has handled an increasingly heavy caseload since its creation. In 2002, it was contacted in 202 cases. In 2010, member states sought assistance with 1,424 new cases. The majority cases involve two member states; in 2010, one-fifth of the cases involved three or more countries. Eurojust also organised 141 co-ordination meetings between representatives of national authorities and EU bodies in 2010.[10]

Administration

The College of Eurojust is supported by the administration. As head of the Eurojust administration, the Administrative Director is responsible for the day-to-day management of Eurojust, including budget and staff management. The administrative organisation is composed of units, services and secretariats: the Budget, Finance & Procurement Unit, Case Analysis Unit, Corporate Services Unit, Human Resources Unit, Information Management Unit, Legal Services Unit, Data Protection Office, Press & PR Service, College Secretariat, European Judicial Network Secretariat, Joint Investigation Teams Network Secretariat and Genocide Network Secretariat.

Future developments

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union addresses several changes to Eurojust. Article 85 extends its scope to including serious crime not only affecting two or more member states, but also requiring prosecution on a common basis. The new wording of the Treaty mentions that by means of regulations adopted in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, the European Parliament and the Council shall determine Eurojust’s structure, operation, field of action and tasks, which may include initiating criminal investigations or proposing the initiation of prosecutions, coordinating such investigations and prosecutions and strengthening judicial co-operation. Article 86 provides for the possibility of establishing a European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) from Eurojust in order to combat crimes affecting the financial interests of the Union. The EPPO may be established by the Council, according to a special legislative procedure, acting unanimously and after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament. The Treaty provides also for the possibility to create it by enhanced co-operation established by at least nine Member States.[20]

The Stockholm Programme refers several times to the role of Eurojust. In particular, it states that “in the field of judicial co-operation, the European Council emphasises the need for Member States and Eurojust to implement thoroughly Council Decision 2009/426/JHA of 16 December 2008 on the strengthening of Eurojust, which, together with the Lisbon Treaty, offers an opportunity for the further development of Eurojust in the coming years, including in relation to initiation of investigations and resolving conflicts of competence. On the basis of an assessment of the implementation of this instrument, new possibilities could be considered in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Treaty, including giving further powers to the Eurojust national members, reinforcement of the powers of the College of Eurojust or the setting-up of a European Public Prosecutor”.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "TAMPERE EUROPEAN COUNCIL 15 AND 16 OCTOBER 1999 PRESIDENCY CONCLUSIONS". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  2. ↑ "Treaty of Nice, Art. 1. pt. 7". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "The history of Eurojust". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 Maylis Labayle; Hans G. Nilsson (2010). "The Role and organisation of Eurojust: added value for judicial co-operation in criminal matters". In Jörg Monar. The institutional dimension of the European Union’s Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. Brussels: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-90-5201-615-3.
  5. ↑ "EUR-Lex - 32002D0187 - EN". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
  6. ↑ "Decision on the location of the seats of certain offices and agencies of the European Union". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  7. ↑ "iberred.org". iberred.org. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
  8. ↑ "Council Decision of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office, Art. 4 (1) and Annex I". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  9. ↑ "Eurojust Decision Art. 4". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Eurojust Annual Report 2010. 2011. ISBN 978-92-95029-53-8.
  11. ↑ Horváth, Zoltán (2012). Handbook on the European Union. Budapest: HVGorac. ISBN 978-963-258-146-0.
  12. ↑ "Eurojust Decision Art. 3 (2)". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  13. ↑ "Eurojust Decision Art. 6 and 7". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  14. ↑ "Eurojust Decision Art. 7". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  15. ↑ "Eurojust Decision Art. 6". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  16. ↑ José Luis Lopes da Mota; Roelof Jan Manschot (2004). "Eurojust and the European arrest warrant". In Rob Blekxtoon. Handbook on the European Arrest Warrant. The Hague: T.M.C Asser Press. ISBN 978-90-6704-181-2.
  17. ↑ "EUR-Lex - 32000F0712(02) - EN". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
  18. ↑ "EUR-Lex - 32002F0465 - EN". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2013-07-14.
  19. ↑ "Joint Investigation Teams Manual". Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  20. ↑ "The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union". Retrieved 24 August 2013.

External links

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