E (Cyrillic)
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The Cyrillic script | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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E (Ð Ñ; italics: Ð Ñ), also known as Backwards E from Russian: Роборотное, E oborotnoye, is a letter found in two Slavic languages: Russian and Belarusian. It represents the [e] and [É›]. In other Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic script, the sounds are represented by Ye (Е е), which represents in Russian and Belarusian [je] in initial and postvocalic position or [e] and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
In Cyrillic Moldovan, which was used in the Moldovan SSR during the Soviet Union and is still used in Transnistria, the letter corresponds to ă in the Latin Romanian alphabet. It is also used in the Cyrillic alphabets used by Mongolian and many Uralic, Caucasian languages and Turkic languages of the former Soviet Union.
Origin
The letter ⟨Ñ⟩ originated in the thirteenth century as a variant of ⟨є⟩, at first, according to Djordjić[1] in superscripted line-final position, but by the end of the century elsewhere as well.[2] In the following centuries it continued to appear sporadically as an uncommon variant of ⟨є⟩, but not later than in the fifteenth century amongst the Eastern Slavs it began to be used to indicate initial (un-iotated) [e]. According to Yefim Karskiy, "Western Russian ustav knows ⟨Ñ⟩, e.g. in Miscellany of the 15th c. from the Public Library (manuscr. #391) (ÑкъÑеквїє etc.), chronicles of 15th-16th cc., Miscellany of PoznaÅ„ (16th c.),[3] Statut of 1588... It is difficult to say whether it has been developed here independently or it came from South Slavic manuscripts, where ⟨Ñ⟩ occurs as early as in 13-14th cc."[4] Although the revision of Meletius Smotrytsky’s grammar published in Moscow in 1648 does not include ⟨Ñ⟩ in its alphabet, it does consistently write ÐтѷмолѻÌгїа (Etymologia), in contrast to ЄтѷмолоÌґїѧ in the first edition of 1619. It was by no means confined to this function in the period, however, as the prevalent spellings реÑÑтръ, маÑоръ (beside маиоръ, маіоръ) demonstrate.
In modern Russian
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In the specimens of the civil script presented to Peter I in 1708, forms of ⟨Ñ⟩ were included among forms of ⟨є⟩, but the latter was deleted by Peter. The former was used in some early 18th-century Russian texts, but some authorities of the period considered it superfluous, like Mikhail Lomonosov, on the grounds that "the letter Е, having several different pronunciations, could serve in the pronoun етотъ and the interjection ей"[5] and that it was inappropriate to introduce letters solely for use in loanwords. However, the inclusion of ⟨Ð⟩ in its modern function, in the Russian Academy's Dictionary of 1789–94, marks the point from which it can be considered as an established part of the Russian orthographical standard.
There was still some objections to the letter even as late as 1817, when M. T. KaÄenovskij was questioning whether "yet another hard Ñ" was necessary when the language already had "a soft Ñ£ and a hard е".[6]
In contemporary Russian, ⟨Ñ⟩ is used to represent [e], [É›] in initial position (ÑлектричеÑтво 'electricity') and postvocalic position (дуÑль 'duel'). Among such words are only a few native Russian roots: ÑÑ‚- (Ñто 'this is', Ñтот/Ñта/Ñто 'this (m./f./n.)', Ñти 'these', поÑтому 'thus' etc.), Ñк- (Ñкий 'what a'), Ñдак-/Ñтак- (Ñдак/Ñтак 'that way', Ñдакий/Ñтакий 'sort of') and few interjections like Ñй 'hey', Ñ 'uh, oh', Ñ-Ñ-Ñ 'uh'.
Even though Russian contains a significant number of loanwords in which [e] occurs after a hard (unpalatalised) consonant, it is still the practice to use the letter ⟨е⟩ for [e], [É›]: тенниÑ, ÑепÑиÑ. There are few traditional exceptions to that practice among common noun loanwords:
- the original list (the first half of the 20th century) contained just three words:
- мÑÑ€ 'mayor', from French 'maire'
- пÑÑ€ 'peer (a noble)', from French 'pair'
- ÑÑÑ€ 'sir', from English or from Old French 'sieur'
- two later additions (1950s-1960s):
- мÑтр 'master, skilled artist', from French 'maître'
- пленÑÑ€, from French '(en) plein air'
- new additions (1980s and later) are more numerous:
- Ñ€Ñкет 'racket, racketeering', from English
- Ñ€Ñп 'rap (music)', from English
- Ñ„Ñнтези 'fantasy (literature)', from English
- and several others; spelling of new words sometimes varies and dictionaries often give variants or contradict one another (like хетчбÑк 'hatchback (car)' in spelling dictionary vs хетчбек/Ñ…Ñтчбек in explanatory dictionary).
In proper nouns, however, ⟨Ñ⟩ may occur after consonants: Улан-Ð£Ð´Ñ 'Ulan-Ude' and БлÑÑ€ 'Blair'. However, many such loanwords are spelled with ⟨е⟩: Блерио 'Blériot' (a French aviator). That is the case especially for names that entered the language centuries lik: Берлин, 'Berlin'. The use of ⟨Ñ⟩ is much more frequent for names from non-European languages: Мао ЦзÑдун 'Mao Zedong'.
The letter ⟨Ñ⟩ is also used in Russian to render initial [Å“] in foreign words: thus Eure (the river in France) is written ÐÑ€. After consonants this is transcribed as ⟨ё⟩. In the 19th century, some writers used ⟨Ó⟩ for that sound in both positions,[7] but that was never accepted as standard orthography. (The letter ⟨Ó⟩ was re-invented in the 20th century for Kildin Sami.) It is also used to represent a stressed [æ] in languages such as English, which can cause a problem of conflating [æ] with English [É›] (for example, "Addison" and "Edison" would be spelled the same). However, in other positions, Russian also uses ⟨а⟩ for [æ] and ⟨е⟩ for [É›].
In modern Belarusian
Unlike Russian, Belarusian has many native words in which it occurs after a hard consonant. Moreover, its orthography was standardized later than that of Russian (which reached its present form at the beginning of the 20th century), on the basis of the spoken language rather than historical tradition. Consequently, ⟨Ñ⟩ and ⟨е⟩ are written in accordance with pronunciation: ⟨Ñ⟩ for initial [e] and after hard consonants, ⟨е⟩ for initial and postvocalic [je] and after soft consonants. That also means that ⟨Ñ⟩ is much more frequent in Belarusian than in Russian.
Related letters and other similar characters
- Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
- Є є : Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye
- E e : Latin letter E
- É é : Latin letter E with acute
- Ê ê : Latin letter E with circumflex
- ℈ : Scruple (Apothecaries' system)
Computing codes
Character | Ð | Ñ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER E | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 1069 | U+042D | 1101 | U+044D |
UTF-8 | 208 173 | D0 AD | 209 141 | D1 8D |
Numeric character reference | Э | Э | э | э |
KOI8-R and KOI8-U | 252 | FC | 220 | DC |
Code page 855 | 248 | F8 | 247 | F7 |
Code page 866 | 157 | 9D | 237 | ED |
Windows-1251 | 221 | DD | 253 | FD |
ISO-8859-5 | 205 | CD | 237 | ED |
Macintosh Cyrillic | 157 | 9D | 253 | FD |
References
- ↑ Петар Ђорђић, ИÑторија ÑрпÑке ћирилице, Београд, 2-a изд., 1987, p.87
- ↑ Cf Банишко евангелие: ÑреднобългарÑки паметник от XIII век, подгот. за печат Ñ ÑƒÐ²Ð¾Ð´ и коментар Е. Дограмаджиева и Б. Райков, СофиÑ, 1981, pp.13, 341
- ↑ Published in the vol. 17 of the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles.
- ↑ "ЗападноруÑÑкий уÑтав знает Ñ, напр. в Сб. XV в. Публ. б. â„– 391 (ÑкъÑеквїє и др.), летопиÑÑÑ… XV—XVI вв., Позн. Сб. XVI в., Статуте 1588... Трудно Ñказать, развилоÑÑŒ ли оно здеÑÑŒ ÑамоÑтоÑтельно или же зашло из югоÑлавÑнÑких рукопиÑей, где Ñ Ð²ÑтречаетÑÑ ÑƒÐ¶Ðµ в XIII—XIV вв." (Е. Ф. КарÑкий, БелоруÑÑ‹: Язык белоруÑÑкого народа, вып. 1, М., 1955, Ñ€. 69). See also pp. 165-166 for more details and examples.
- ↑ РоÑÑійÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð“Ñ€Ð°Ð¼Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚Ð¸ÐºÐ° Михайла ЛомоноÑова, печатана в Санктпетербургѣ, при ИмператорÑкой Ðкадемїи Ðаук, 1755 года, p.43
- ↑ [М. Т.] КаченовÑкий, “ИÑторичеÑкий взглÑд на Грамматику СлавÑнÑких наречийâ€, Труды О-ва любителей РоÑÑийÑкой ÑловеÑноÑти при имп. МоÑковÑком универÑитете, ч.IX (1817), pp.17-46. He was referring specifically to the spelling ÐтѷмолоÌґїѧ in the 1648 grammar mentioned above: “Каким образом поÑвлÑетÑÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑŒ обратное Ð, которое в азбуке Мелетием обойдено? Разве нужно, при мÑгком Ñ¢, при твердом Е, еще одно твердое Ð?†so how far his remarks extend to the Russian of his own day is debatable. The reference to "a soft Ñ£ and a hard е" was referring to the pronunciation of Church Slavonic current in his day (which is still maintained by the Old Believers). That may have still been regarded as the literary ideal: see Б. Ð. УÑпенÑкий, ÐрхаичеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑиÑтема церковноÑлавÑнÑкого произношениÑ, МоÑква, 1968, especially pp.29-35.
- ↑ Я. К. Грот, РуÑÑкое правопиÑание, 19-ое изд., Санктпетербург, 1910, p.78