Early life and career of Barack Obama

This article is part of a series about
Barack Obama

President of the United States
Incumbent

First term

Second term


Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii[1] to Barack Obama, Sr. (1936–1982) (born in Rachuonyo District,[2] British Kenya) and Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann (1942–1995) (born in Wichita, Kansas, United States).[3]

Obama spent most of his childhood years in Honolulu, where his mother completed college after his parents divorced. Obama started a close relationship with his maternal grandparents. In 1965, his mother remarried to Lolo Soetoro from Indonesia. Two years later, Dunham took Obama with her to Indonesia to reunite him with his stepfather. In 1971, Obama returned to Hawaii to attend Punahou School, from which he graduated in 1979.

As a young adult, Obama was educated at Occidental College, Columbia University, and Harvard Law School. In Chicago, Obama worked at various times as a community organizer, lawyer, professor (Lecturer and Senior Lecturer) of constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School, and published his memoir Dreams from My Father before beginning his political career in 1997.

Childhood years

Right-to-left: Barack Obama and Maya Soetoro with their mother Ann and maternal grandfather Stanley Dunham in Hawaii (early 1970s)

Parents' background and meeting

Obama's parents met in 1960 while attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr., the university's first foreign student from an African nation,[4] hailed from Kanyadhiang, Rachuonyo District, in the Nyanza Province of western Kenya.[2][5] Obama's mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann, had been born in Wichita. They married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2, 1961.[6] Barack Hussein Obama, born in Honolulu on August 4, 1961 at the old Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital at 1611 Bingham Street (a predecessor of the Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children at 1319 Punahou Street), was named for his father.[4][7][8] The Honolulu Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin announced the birth.[9]

Soon after their son's birth, while Obama's father continued his education at the University of Hawaii, Ann Dunham took the infant to Seattle, Washington, where she took classes at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962. She and her son lived in an apartment in the Capitol Hill neighborhood.[10] After graduating from the University of Hawaii with a B.A. in economics, Obama, Sr. left the state in June 1962, moving to Cambridge, Massachusetts for graduate study in economics at Harvard University that Autumn.[4][11][12][13]

Ann Dunham returned with her son to Honolulu and in January 1963 resumed her undergraduate education at the University of Hawaii.[10] In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce, which was not contested.[6] Barack Obama, Sr. later graduated from Harvard University with an A.M. in economics and in 1965 returned to Kenya.[11][12][14]

During her first year back at the University of Hawaii, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro.[15] He was one year into his American experience, after two semesters on the Manoa campus and a summer on the mainland at Northwestern and the University of Wisconsin, when he encountered Dunham, then an undergraduate interested in anthropology. A surveyor from Indonesia, he had come to Honolulu in September 1962 on an East-West Center grant to study at the University of Hawaii.[16] He earned a M.A. in geography in June 1964.

Dunham and Soetoro married on March 15, 1965, on Molokai. They returned to Honolulu to live with her son as a family.[17] After two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Soetoro returned to Indonesia on June 20, 1966.[18] Dunham and her son moved in with her parents at their house. She continued with her studies, earning a B.A. in anthropology in August 1967, while her son attended kindergarten in 1966–1967 at Noelani Elementary School.[19][20]

Indonesia

In October 1967 Obama and his mother moved to Jakarta to rejoin his stepfather. The family initially lived in a newly built neighborhood in the Menteng Dalam administrative village of the Tebet subdistrict in South Jakarta for two and a half years, while Soetoro worked on a topographic survey for the Indonesian government.[21][22] From January 1968 to December 1969, Obama's mother taught English and served as an assistant director of the U.S. government-subsidized Indonesia-America Friendship Institute,[23] while Obama attended the Indonesian-language Santo Fransiskus Asisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic School around the corner from their house for 1st, 2nd, and part of 3rd grade.[21]

For about two years starting in 1969, Obama was minded by a "Wari" or transgender woman named Turdi (later changed to Evie). Turdi was originally hired as a cook but "it didn't take long before [he] was also eight-year-old Barry's caretaker, playing with him and bringing him to and from school."[24]

In 1970 Soetoro took a new job at higher pay in Union Oil Company's government relations office.[4][21][25][26][27][28] From January 1970 to August 1972, Obama's mother taught English and was a department head and a director of the Institute of Management Education and Development.[23] Obama attended the Indonesian-language government-run Besuki School, one-and-half miles east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village, for part of 3rd grade and for 4th grade. By this time, he had picked up on some Indonesian in addition to his native English.[21] He also joined the Cub Scouts.[29]

In the summer of 1970 Obama returned to Hawaii for an extended visit with his maternal grandparents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham. His mother had also arranged an interview for possible admission to the Punahou School in Honolulu, one of the top private schools in the city.[30] On August 15, 1970, Dunham and Soetoro celebrated the birth of their daughter, Maya Kassandra Soetoro.[31]

Return to Hawaii

Obama (right) with his father in Hawaii. ca. 1971

In mid-1971, Obama moved back to Hawaii to live with his grandparents and attend Punahou School starting in 5th grade.[32][33] In December 1971, the boy was visited for a month by his father, Barack Obama, Sr., from Kenya. It was the last time Obama would see his father. This was followed by his mother visiting her son and parents in Honolulu from late 1971 to January 1972.

In August 1972, Dunham returned to Hawaii, bringing along the young Maya, Obama's half-sister. Dunham started graduate study in anthropology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. From 6th grade through 8th grade at Punahou, Obama lived with his mother and Maya.[34][35]

Obama's mother completed her coursework at the University of Hawaii for an M.A. in anthropology in December 1974.[36] After three years in Hawaii, she and Maya returned to Jakarta in August 1975,[37] where Dunham completed her contract with the Institute of Management Education and Development and started anthropological field work.[38] Obama chose to stay with his grandparents in Honolulu to continue his studies at Punahou School for his high school years.[8][39]

In his memoir, Obama describes his experiences growing up in his mother's middle class family. His knowledge about his African father, who returned once for a brief visit in 1971, came mainly through family stories and photographs.[40] Of his early childhood, Obama writes: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."[5] The book describes his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[41] He wrote that he used alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".[42] Obama was also a member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of friends that spent time together and occasionally smoked marijuana.[43][44] Obama has said that it was a seriously misguided mistake. At the Saddleback Civil Presidential Forum, Barack Obama identified his high-school drug use as his greatest moral failure.[45] Obama has stated he has not used any illegal drugs since he was a teenager.[46]

Some of his fellow students attending Punahou School later told the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that Obama was mature for his age as a high school student and that he sometimes attended parties and other events in order to associate with African American college students and military service people. Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[47]

Education summary

Grade Dates School Location Type Degree/Notes
Kindergarten 1966–1967 Noelani Elementary School Honolulu, Hawaii Public
1st–3rd grade 1968–1970 St. Francis Assisi Jakarta, Indonesia Private
Catholic
4th grade 1970–1971 State Elementary School Menteng 01 Jakarta, Indonesia Public
5th–12th grade 1971–1979 Punahou School Honolulu, Hawaii Private High school diploma, 1979[47]
Freshman–Sophomore year 1979–1981 Occidental College Los Angeles Private Transferred to Columbia
Junior–Senior year 1981–1983 Columbia University New York City Private B.A., political science major with
international relations focus
1L–3L 1988–1991 Harvard Law School Cambridge, Massachusetts Private J.D., magna cum laude
President, Harvard Law Review

Adult life

College years

Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979, where he studied at Occidental College for two years.[48] On February 18, 1981, he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental's divestment from South Africa.[48] In the summer of 1981, Obama traveled to Jakarta to visit his mother and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of Occidental College friends in Hyderabad (India) and Karachi (Pakistan) for three weeks.[48]

He then transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations.[49] Obama lived off campus in a modest rented apartment at 142 West 109th St.[50][51] He graduated with a A.B. from Columbia in 1983, then worked at Business International Corporation and New York Public Interest Research Group.[52][53]

Early career in Chicago

After four years living in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago to work as a community organizer. He worked for three years from June 1985 to May 1988 as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side.[52][54][55] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from 1 to 13 and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000, with accomplishments including helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[56] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[57] In the summer of 1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks then to Kenya for five weeks where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[58]

Harvard Law School

Langdell Hall, home of the Harvard Law School library

Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. In an interview with Ebony in 1990, he stated that he saw a degree in law as a vehicle to facilitate better community organization and activism: "The idea was not only to get people to learn how to hope and dream about different possibilities, but to know how the tax structure affects what kind of housing gets built where."[59] At the end of his first year he was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review based on his grades and a writing competition.[60] In February 1990, his second year at Harvard, he was elected president of the law review, a full-time volunteer position functioning as editor-in-chief and supervising the law review's staff of 80 editors.[61] Obama's election as the first black president of the law review was widely reported and followed by several long, detailed profiles.[61] He got himself elected by convincing a crucial swing bloc of conservatives that he would protect their interests if they supported him. Building up that trust was done with the same kind of long listening sessions he had used in the poor neighborhoods of South Side, Chicago. Richard Epstein, who later taught at the University of Chicago Law School when Obama later taught there, said Obama was elected editor "because people on the other side believed he would give them a fair shake."[55][62]

While in law school he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley & Austin in 1989, where he met his future wife, Michelle LaVaughn Robinson, and where Newton N. Minow was a managing partner. Minow later would introduce Obama to some of Chicago's top business leaders.[55] In the summer of 1990 he worked at Hopkins & Sutter.[63] Also during his law school years, Obama spent eight days in Los Angeles taking a national training course on Alinsky methods of organizing.[55] He graduated with a J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard in 1991 and returned to Chicago.[60]

Settling down in Chicago

The publicity from his election as the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review led to a contract and advance to write a book about race relations.[64] In an effort to recruit him to their faculty, the University of Chicago Law School provided Obama with a fellowship and an office to work on his book.[64] He originally planned to finish the book in one year, but it took much longer as the book evolved into a personal memoir. In order to work without interruptions, Obama and his wife, Michelle, traveled to Bali where he wrote for several months. The manuscript was finally published as Dreams from My Father in mid-1995.[64]

He married Michelle in 1992[65] and settled down with her in Hyde Park, a liberal, integrated, middle-class Chicago neighborhood with a history of electing reform-minded politicians independent of the Daley political machine.[66] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998; their second, Natasha (known as Sasha), in 2001.[67]

One effect of the marriage was to bring Obama closer to other politically influential Chicagoans. One of Michelle's best friends was Jesse Jackson's daughter, Santita Jackson, later the godmother of the Obamas' first child. Michelle herself had worked as an aide to Mayor Richard M. Daley. Marty Nesbitt, a young, successful black businessman (who played basketball with Michelle's brother, Craig Robinson), became Obama's best friend and introduced him to other African-American business people. Before the marriage, according to Craig, Obama talked about his political ambitions, even saying that he might run for president someday.[55]

Project Vote

Obama directed Illinois Project Vote from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive, officially nonpartisan, that helped Carol Moseley Braun become the first black woman ever elected to the Senate.[55] He headed up a staff of 10 and 700 volunteers that achieved its goal of 400,000 registered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[68][69][70] Although fundraising was not required for the position when Obama was recruited for the job, he started an active campaign to raise money for the project. According to Sandy Newman, who founded Project Vote, Obama "raised more money than any of our state directors had ever done. He did a great job of enlisting a broad spectrum of organizations and people, including many who did not get along well with one another."[70]

The fundraising brought Obama into contact with the wealthy, liberal elite of Chicago, some of whom became supporters in his future political career. Through one of them he met David Axelrod, who later headed Obama's campaign for president.[55] The fundraising committee was chaired by John Schmidt, a former chief of staff to Mayor Richard M. Daley, and John W. Rogers Jr., a young black money manager and founder of Ariel Capital Management.[70] Obama also met much of the city's black political leadership, although he didn't always get along with the older politicians, with friction sometimes developing over Obama's reluctance to spend money and his insistence on results.[55] "He really did it, and he let other people take all the credit", Schmidt later said. "The people standing up at the press conferences were Jesse Jackson and Bobby Rush and I don't know who else. Barack was off to the side and only the people who were close to it knew he had done all the work."[70]

1992–1996

Obama taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, as a Lecturer for four years (1992–1996), and as a Senior Lecturer for eight years (1996–2004).[71] During this time he taught courses in due process and equal protection, voting rights, and racism and law. He published no legal scholarship, and turned down tenured positions, but served eight years in the Illinois Senate during his twelve years at the university.[72]

In 1993 Obama joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 12-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2007.[52][73] The firm was well-known among influential Chicago liberals and leaders of the black community, and the firm's Judson H. Miner, who met with Obama to recruit him before Obama's 1991 graduation from law school, had been counsel to former Chicago Mayor Harold Washington, although the law firm often clashed with the administration of Mayor Richard M. Daley. The 29-year-old law student made it clear in his initial interview with Miner that he was more interested in joining the firm to learn about Chicago politics than to practice law.[66]

During the four years Obama worked as a full-time lawyer at the firm, he was involved in 30 cases and accrued 3,723 billable hours.[74] Obama was listed as counsel on four cases before the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Two of these cases involved ACORN suing Governor Jim Edgar under the new Motor Voter Act,[75][76] one involved a voter suing Mayor Daley under the Voting Rights Act,[77] and one involved, in the only case Obama orally argued, a whistleblowing stockbroker suing his former employer.[78] All of these appeals were resolved in favor of Obama’s clients, with all the opinions authored by Obama’s University of Chicago colleague Chief Judge Richard Posner.[79]

Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.[52][80] He served on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund Obama's DCP, from 1993–2002, and served on the board of directors of The Joyce Foundation from 1994–2002.[52] Membership on the Joyce and Wood foundation boards, which gave out tens of millions of dollars to various local organizations while Obama was a member, helped Obama get to know and be known by influential liberal groups and cultivate a network of community activists that later supported his political career.[66] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995–2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995–1999.[52] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.[52] In 1995, Obama also announced his candidacy for a seat in the Illinois state Senate and attended Louis Farrakhan's Million Man March in Washington, DC.[81]

Notes

  1. ↑ "Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino" (PDF). hawaii.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2008. Joe Miller, "Does Obama have Kenyan Citizenship?", Fact Check, August 29, 2008, quoted in part on FightTheSmears
  2. 1 2 "Partial Ancestor Table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr." (PDF). New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
  3. ↑ Peters, Susan. "President Obama: From Kansas to the Capital". kake.com.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Maraniss, David (August 22, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 1, 2009. (online)
  5. 1 2 Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
  6. 1 2 Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Retrieved January 15, 2011. (online)
    Ripley, Amanda (April 21, 2008). "A mother's story". Time 171 (16): 36–40, 42. ("Raising Obama" cover story) (print)
  7. ↑ . (August 1, 1961). "Listing of hospitals". Hospitals 35 (15): 63. ISSN 0018-5973. Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital, 1611 Bingham St., 110 beds.
    Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
    Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Retrieved January 22, 2011. She did not know Obama's mother, Ann Dunham, while they were in labor together on August 4, 1961, at the old Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital.
    Voell, Paula (January 20, 2009). "Teacher from Kenmore recalls Obama was a focused student". The Buffalo News. p. C1. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  8. 1 2 Hoover, Will (November 9, 2008). "Obama's Hawaii boyhood homes drawing gawkers". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
  9. ↑ Hoover (2008), "Obama's Hawaii homes". Note: His parents' address was listed as 6085 Kalanianaʻole Highway, then the home of his maternal grandparents, with whom the young family lived.
  10. 1 2 Dougherty, Phil (February 7, 2009). "Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960". Seattle: HistoryLink. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
    Dougherty, Phil (February 10, 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle in August or early September 1961". HistoryLink. Retrieved January 15, 2011. Note: Dunham and Obama lived at 516 13th Ave. E., Capitol Hill,Seattle.
  11. 1 2 Sanders, Edmund (July 17, 2008). "So alike and yet so different". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  12. 1 2 Jacobs, Sally (September 21, 2008). "A father's charm, absence". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  13. ↑ . (February 26, 2009). "President Obama's connection to UH Economics". Honolulu: Department of Economics, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  14. ↑ . (1986). "Harvard alumni directory, vol. 1" (17th ed.). Boston: Harvard Alumni Association: 904. ISSN 0895-1683.
  15. ↑ Maraniss (2012).p. 195
  16. ↑ Maraniss (2012), p. 195: Soetoro passed through immigration at Honolulu Airport on September 18, 1962.
  17. ↑ Maraniss (2012), p. 197 Note: a justice of the peace married Dunham and Soetoo on March 15, 1965, on the little island of Molokai, which was part of Maui County. In Honolulu, they lived at an apartment at 3326 Oahu Avenue.
  18. ↑ Maraniss (2012), p. 209: "My husband left June 20, 1966 and went back to Djakarta and is working for the Indoesian government conducting a topographical survey," she wrote.
  19. ↑ Hoover (2008),"Obama's Hawaii homes". Note: Her parents in 1966 lived at 2234 University Avenue in Honolulu.
  20. ↑ Trifonovitch, Kelli Abe (October 2008). "Being local, Barry and Bryan". Hawaii Business Magazine. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
    Dingeman, Robbie (December 3, 2008). "Obama childhood locales attracting more tourists". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
    San Nicholas, Claudine (January 21, 2009). "Retired teachers on Maui recall young, "cute" student Barry". Maui News. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Pickler, Nedra (Associated Press) (January 24, 2007). "Obama debunks claim about Islamic school". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 8, 2008. Note: They lived in a rented house at 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Txsdyt56yengah Street
    Watson, Paul (March 15, 2007). "As a child, Obama crossed a cultural divide in Indonesia". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
    Scharnberg, Kirsten; Barker, Kim (March 25, 2007). "The not-so-simple story of Barack Obama's youth". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
    Barker, Kim (March 25, 2007). "History of schooling distorted". Chicago Tribune. p. 28. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
    Anderton, Trish (June 26, 2007). "Obama's Jakarta trail". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
    Higgins, Andrew (April 9, 2010). "Catholic school in Indonesia seeks recognition for its role in Obama's life". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
    Onishi, Norimitsu (November 9, 2010). "Obama visits a nation that knew him as Barry". The New York Times. p. A14. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  22. ↑ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 32.
  23. 1 2 Dunham, S. Ann (2008). "Tentang penulis (About the author)". Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara: kajian antropologi tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia (Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds). Bandung: Mizan. pp. 211–219. ISBN 978-979-433-534-5.
  24. ↑ Associated Press, "Obama's transgender former nanny living in fear in Indonesia", The Guardian, Tuesday 6 March 2012 (accessed 7 April 2016). See also the followup story "Barack Obama's transgender former nanny finds fame and a job offer", The Guardian, Thursday 8 March 2012.
  25. ↑ Nakaso, Dan (September 12, 2008). "Obama's mother's work focus of UH seminar". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
  26. ↑ Habib, Ridlawn (November 11, 2008). "Kalau ke Jogja, Barry bisa habiskan seekor ayam baceman (If traveling to Yogyakrta, Barry can eat one whole chicken)". Jawa Pos (in Indonesian) (Surabya). Retrieved May 6, 2011. Google Translate's English translation
  27. ↑ Scott, Janny (2011). A Singular Woman: The Untold Story of Barack Obama's Mother. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 113. ISBN 1-59448-797-9. When Lolo completed his military service, Trisulo, who was married to Lolo's sister, Soewardinah, used his contacts with foreign oil companies doing business in Indonesia, he told me, to help Lolo get a job in the Jakarta office of the Union Oil Company of California.
  28. ↑ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 46. Note: and the family moved two miles north to 22 Taman Amir Hamzah Street in the Matraman Dalam neighborhood in the Pegangsaan administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta.
  29. ↑ Forbes, Mark (October 1, 2008). "Obama, aka fat little Barry, remembered". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 13. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  30. ↑ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 54, 58.
    Maraniss (2012), pp. 243, 265.
  31. ↑ Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (September 9, 2007). "The Obama family tree" (PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 2B. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  32. ↑ Hoover (2008), "Obama's Hawaii homes". Note: Obama lived with his grandparents at the Punahou Circle apartments at 1617 S. Beretania Street in Honolulu.
  33. ↑ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 58–59.
  34. ↑ Maraniss (2012), pp. 279–286.
  35. ↑ Hoover (2008), "Obama's Hawaii homes". Note: Dunham and her children lived in an apartment at 1839 Poki Street in Honolulu.
  36. ↑ Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey (November 2008). "Ann Dunham: a personal reflection". Anthropology News 49 (8): 20. doi:10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20. reprinted by:
    Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey (March 9, 2009). "Ann Dunham: a personal reflection". Honolulu: University of Hawaii Department of Anthropology. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
    . (2009). "Spotlight on alumni: EWC alumna Ann Dunham—mother to President Obama and champion of women’s rights and economic justice". News. Honolulu: East-West Center. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  37. ↑ Maraniss (2012), p. 285.
  38. ↑ Dunham, S. Ann; Dewey, Alice G.; Cooper, Nancy I. (2009). "January 8, 1976 letter from Ann Dunham Soetoro (Jl. Polowijan 3, Kraton, Yogyakarta) to Prof. Alice G. Dewey (Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu)". Surviving Against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. xli–xliv. ISBN 0-8223-4687-7.
  39. ↑ Mendell (2007), p. 43.
  40. ↑ Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
    See also:
    Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
    Obama (1995), pp. 5–11, 62–71.
    In August 2006, Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.
    Gnecchi, Nico (August 27, 2006). "Obama receives hero's welcome at his family's ancestral village in Kenya". Voice of America. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
    See also:
    Cose, Ellis (September 11, 2006). "Walking the world stage". Newsweek. p. 26. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
    Wrong, Michela (September 11, 2006). "Kenya glimpses a new kind of hero". New Statesman. p. 21. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  41. ↑ Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
    See also:
    Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times. p. A20. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  42. ↑ Elliott, Philip (Associated Press) (November 21, 2007). "Obama gets blunt with N.H. students". Boston Globe. p. 8A. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
    In Dreams from My Father, Obama writes: "Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it."
    Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 93–94.
    For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled."), see:
    Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
    Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times. p. A21. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  43. ↑ Karl, Jonathan (May 25, 2012). "Obama and his pot-smoking "choom gang"". ABC News. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  44. ↑ "FRONTLINE The Choice 2012". PBS. October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  45. ↑ Hornick, Ed (August 17, 2008). "Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum". CNN. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  46. ↑ Schoenburg, Bernard (November 16, 2003). "Frank talk about drug use in Obama's 'open book'". The State Journal-Register. p. 17 (Editorial). Retrieved August 23, 2008.
    reprinted by: National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML), which was
    reprinted by: Mark Greer's Media Awareness Project (MAP) d/b/a DrugSense (Irvine, Calif.)
  47. 1 2 Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved September 7, 2010. As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks.
  48. 1 2 3 Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times. p. B1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
    Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). "Activism blossomed in college". Chicago Tribune. p. 20. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
    Talev, Margaret (November 19, 2007). "Pivotal college speech launched Obama into politics" (paid archive). The Sacramento Bee. p. A16. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
    Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). "Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
    Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). "Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
    Goldman, Adam; Tanner, Robert (Associated Press) (May 15, 2008). "Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC". USA Today. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
    Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). "Small college awakened future senator to service". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
    Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). "More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip". FactCheck.org. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
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  49. ↑ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  50. ↑ The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama, Alfred A. Knopf, Random House, Inc., 2010, p. 113.
  51. ↑ Bragging Rights: President Obama Studied Here, Bragging Rights: President Obama Studied Here, The New York Times, June 13, 2010, Elizabeth Harris.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chassie, Karen (ed.) (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 978-0-8379-7011-0. OCLC 1141571.
  53. ↑ Scott, Janny (October 30, 2007). "Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. 133–140; Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
  54. ↑ Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved February 14, 2009. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The Agitator; Barack Obama's unlikely political education". The New Republic. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
  56. ↑ Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved June 6, 2008. Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  57. ↑ Obama, Barack (August–September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues 14 (8–9): 40–42. ISSN 0738-9663. reprinted in:
    Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, Ill.: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0-9620873-3-5. He has also been a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, an organizing institute working throughout the Midwest.
  58. ↑ Obama, Auma (2012). And then life happens: a memoir. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 189–208. ISBN 978-1-250-01005-6.
    Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
    Maraniss (2012), pp. 564–570.
  59. ↑ Brown, Roxanne (August 1990). "In Pursuit of Excellence". Ebony. pp. 114, 116. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
  60. 1 2 Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". Boston Globe. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Kodama, Marie C (January 19, 2007). "Obama left mark on HLS". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post. p. W10. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Heilemann, John (October 22, 2007). "When they were young". New York 40 (37): 32–7, 132–3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.
  61. 1 2 Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). "Barack Obama's Law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. p. E1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Pugh, Allison J. (Associated Press) (April 18, 1990). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor" (paid archive). The Miami Herald. p. C01. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
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  63. ↑ Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008. Barack Obama, a summer associate at Hopkins & Sutter in Chicago
  64. 1 2 3 Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. xiii–xvii.
  65. ↑ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
  66. 1 2 3 Becker, Jo and Drew, Christopher, "Pragmatic politics, forged on the South Side", The New York Times, May 11, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2008
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  68. ↑ Anderson, Veronica (September 27 – October 3, 1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote". Crain's Chicago Business. p. 43.
    White, Jesse (ed.) (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed. (PDF). Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  69. ↑ Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1, 1993). "Vote of Confidence". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
  70. 1 2 3 4 Slevin, Peter, "For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles: Presidential Hopeful Has Friends, Successes and Precious Few Battle Scars", article, The Washington Post, November 13, 2007, page A3. Retrieved July 18, 2008
  71. ↑ "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. March 27, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  72. ↑ Jodi Kantor (July 30, 2008). "Teaching Law, Testing Ideas, Obama Stood Slightly Apart". The New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  73. ↑ Robinson, Mike (Associated Press) (February 20, 2007). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". Boston Globe. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
    Pallasch, Abdon M. (December 17, 2007). "As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
    "People" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. June 27, 1993. p. 9 (Business). Retrieved June 15, 2008.
    . (July 5, 1993). "Business appointments" (paid archive). Chicago-Sun-Times. p. 40. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
    Miner, Barnhill & Galland (2008). "About us". Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
    Reardon, Patrick T. (June 25, 2008). "Obama's Chicago" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Retrieved February 13, 2010. 9. Lawyering. The law offices of Miner Barnhill & Galland Obama joined this tiny, liberal and politically powerful firm of about a dozen lawyers, specializing in civil rights cases and then known as Davis Miner Barnhill & Galland.
    Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 438–439.
    Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
  74. ↑ Morain, Dan (November 17, 2008). "A look back on Obama's law years". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  75. ↑ ACORN v. Edgar, 56 F.3d 791 (7th Cir. 1995).
  76. ↑ ACORN v. Illinois State Bd. of Elections, 75 F.3d 304 (7th Cir. 1996).
  77. ↑ Barnett v. Daley, 32 F.3d 1196 (7th Cir. 1994).
  78. ↑ Baravati v. Josephthal, Lyon & Ross, Inc., 28 F.3d 704 (7th Cir. 1994).
  79. ↑ ACORN v. Edgar, The Civil Rights Clearinghouse at the University of Michigan Law School
  80. ↑ Public Allies (2008). "Fact Sheet on Public Allies' History with Senator Barack and Michelle Obama". Public Allies. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  81. ↑ De Zutter, Hank (December 8, 1995). "What Makes Obama Run?". Chicago Reader. Retrieved November 20, 2013.

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