Edge recombination operator

The edge recombination operator (ERO) is an operator that creates a path that is similar to a set of existing paths (parents) by looking at the edges rather than the vertices. The main application of this is for crossover in genetic algorithms when a genotype with non-repeating gene sequences is needed such as for the travelling salesman problem. It was described by Darrell Whitley and others in 1989.^[1]

Algorithm

ERO is based on an adjacency matrix, which lists the neighbors of each node in any parent.

ERO crossover

For example, in a travelling salesman problem such as the one depicted, the node map for the parents CABDEF and ABCEFD (see illustration) is generated by taking the first parent, say, 'ABCEFD' and recording its immediate neighbors, including those that roll around the end of the string.

Therefore;

... -> [A] <-> [B] <-> [C] <-> [E] <-> [F] <-> [D] <- ...

...is converted into the following adjacency matrix by taking each node in turn, and listing its connected neighbors;

A: B D
B: A C
C: B E
D: F A
E: C F
F: E D

With the same operation performed on the second parent (CABDEF), the following is produced:

A: C B
B: A D
C: F A
D: B E
E: D F
F: E C

Followed by making a union of these two lists, and ignoring any duplicates. This is as simple as taking the elements of each list and appending them to generate a list of unique link end points. In our example, generating this;

A: B C D         = {B,D} ∪ {C,B}
B: A C D         = {A,C} ∪ {A,D}
C: A B E F       = {B,E} ∪ {F,A}
D: A B E F       = {F,A} ∪ {B,E}
E: C D F         = {C,F} ∪ {D,F}
F: C D E         = {E,D} ∪ {E,C}

The result is another adjacency matrix, which stores the links for a network described by all the links in the parents. Note that more than two parents can be employed here to give more diverse links. However, this approach may result in sub-optimal paths.

Then, to create a path K, the following algorithm is employed:^[2]

Let K be the empty list
Let N be the first node of a random parent.

While Length(K) < Length(Parent):
    K := K, N   (append N to K)
    Remove N from all neighbor lists

    If N's neighbor list is non-empty
       then let N* be the neighbor of N with the fewest neighbors in its list (or a random one, should there be multiple)
       else let N* be a randomly chosen node that is not in K

    N := N*

To step through the example, we randomly select a node from the parent starting points, {A, C}.

• () -> A. We remove A from all the neighbor sets, and find that the smallest of B, C and D is B={C,D}.
• AB. The smallest sets of C and D are C={E,F} and D={E,F}. We randomly select D.
• ABD. Smallest are E={C,F}, F={C,E}. We pick F.
• ABDF. C={E}, E={C}. We pick C.
• ABDFC. The smallest set is E={}.
• ABDFCE. The length of the child is now the same as the parent, so we are done.

Note that the only edge introduced in ABDFCE is AE.

Comparison with other operators

Edge recombination is generally considered a good option for problems like the travelling salesman problem. In a 1999 study at the University of the Basque Country, edge recombination provided better results than all the other crossover operators including partially mapped crossover and cycle crossover.^[3]

References

1. Whitley, Darrell; Timothy Starkweather; D'Ann Fuquay (1989). "Scheduling problems and traveling salesman: The genetic edge recombination operator". International Conference on Genetic Algorithms. pp. 133–140. ISBN 1-55860-066-3.
2. Darrell Whitley, Timothy Starkweather and Daniel Shaner: The Travelling Salesman and Sequence Scheduling: Quality Solutions using Genetic Edge Recombination in L. Davis (ed.): Handbook of Genetic Algorithms. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1991
3. P. Larrañaga et al: Genetic Algorithms for the Travelling Salesman Problem: A Review of Representations and Operators. Artificial Intelligence Review, Volume 13, Number 2, April 1999, p. 129−170

Implementations

• "Edge Recombination Operator" (Python)