Edward MacDowell

Edward MacDowell
Born (1860-12-18)18 December 1860
New York City
Died 23 January 1908(1908-01-23) (aged 47)
New York City
Resting place MacDowell Colony
Nationality American
Education Columbia University
Occupation pianist, composer
Known for piano concerto
Spouse(s) Marian MacDowell

Edward Alexander MacDowell (December 18, 1860[1] – January 23, 1908) was an American composer and pianist of the Romantic period. He was best known for his second piano concerto and his piano suites Woodland Sketches, Sea Pieces and New England Idylls. Woodland Sketches includes his most popular short piece, "To a Wild Rose". In 1904 he was one of the first seven Americans honored by membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Biography

Edward MacDowell was born in New York City to Thomas MacDowell, a Manhattan milk dealer, and Frances (Fanny) Mary Knapp.[2][3] He received his first piano lessons from Juan Buitrago, a Colombian violinist who was living with the MacDowell family at the time. He also received music lessons from friends of Buitrago, including the Cuban pianist Pablo Desverine and Venezuelan pianist and composer Teresa Carreño.[4] MacDowell's mother decided to take her son to Paris, France, where in 1877 he was admitted to the Paris conservatory after receiving a competitive scholarship for international students.[4]

After two years of studies under Antoine François Marmontel and being at the top of his class, he continued his education at Dr. Hoch's Conservatory in Frankfurt, Germany, where he studied piano with Carl Heymann and composition with Joachim Raff. When Franz Liszt and Clara Schumann visited the conservatory in early 1880 and attended a recital of student compositions, MacDowell performed Robert Schumann's Quintet, op. 44 along with a transcription of a Liszt symphonic poem. Next year, he paid a visit to Liszt in Weimar and performed some of his own compositions. Liszt recommended MacDowell's First Modern Suite, op. 10 to Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein for performance and also introduced him to Leipzig music publishers at Breitkopf & Härtel.[4]

After finishing his studies in 1881, MacDowell remained in Germany, where he composed, performed on stage and gave piano lessons.[3] He taught piano in Darmstadt in 1881-1884, including at the Schmitt's Akademie für Tonkunst (now known as the Akademie für Tonkunst), and in Wiesbaden, 1884-1888.[5]

Marriage and family

In 1884, MacDowell married Marian Griswold Nevins, an American who was one of his piano students in Frankfurt for three years. About the time that MacDowell composed a piano piece titled "Cradle Song", Marian suffered an illness that resulted in her being unable to bear children.[6]

Career

Edward and Marian MacDowell; (c. 1905)

In Germany, the MacDowells settled first in Frankfurt, then in Darmstadt, and finally, in Wiesbaden. In 1885-1888, MacDowell devoted himself almost exclusively to composition. That brought financial difficulties, and he decided to return to the United States in the autumn of 1888.[7] He made Boston his new home, where he became well known as a concert pianist and piano teacher. He performed in recitals with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and other American musical organizations.

The MacDowells lived in Boston until 1896, when Edward was appointed professor of music at Columbia University, the first music professor in the university's history. He was personally invited to Columbia University by its president Seth Low to create a music department.[3] He stayed at Columbia until 1904. In addition to composing and teaching, from 1896 to 1898 he directed the Mendelssohn Glee Club. MacDowell composed some music for the group to perform.

In 1896 Marian MacDowell purchased Hillcrest Farm, to serve as their summer residence in Peterborough, New Hampshire. MacDowell found his creativity flourished in the beautiful rural setting. His compositions included two piano concertos, two orchestral suites, four symphonic poems, four piano sonatas, piano suites, and songs. He also published dozens of piano transcriptions of mostly 18th century pre-piano keyboard pieces.[8]

From 1896 to 1898, MacDowell also published 13 piano pieces and 4 part songs under the pseudonym of Edgar Thorn. These compositions were not mentioned in Lawrence Gilman's 1909 biography of MacDowell. They were listed without opus numbers in MacDowell's Critical and Historical Essays (1912) and in John F. Porte's Edward MacDowell (1922). They were listed with opus numbers in Oscar Sonneck's Catalogue of First Editions of Edward MacDowell (1917).

MacDowell was also a noted teacher of the piano, and his students included John Pierce Langs, a student from Buffalo, New York, with whom he became very close friends. Langs was also close to noted Canadian pianist Harold Bradley, and both championed MacDowell's piano compositions. The linguist Edward Sapir was also among his students.[9]

Bronze relief of MacDowell by Helen Farnsworth Mears (1906, cast 1907) Brooklyn Museum

MacDowell was often stressed in his position at Columbia University, due to both administrative duties and growing conflict with the new university president Nicholas Murray Butler around a proposed two-course requirement in fine arts for all undergraduate students, as well as creation of combined Department of Fine Arts overseeing music, sculpture, painting and comparative literature.[10]:243 After Butler stripped Columbia faculty members in the arts of voting rights and accused MacDowell of unprofessional conduct and sloppy teaching, in February 1904, MacDowell abruptly announced his resignation raising an unfortunate public controversy.[3]

After stepping down from Columbia professorship, MacDowell fell into depression and his health rapidly deteriorated. E. Douglas Bomberger's biography notes that MacDowell suffered from seasonal affective disorder throughout his life, and often made decisions with negative implications in the darkest months of the year. Bomberger advances a new theory for the sudden decline of MacDowell's health: bromide poisoning, which was sometimes mistaken for paresis at the time,[11] as it was the case with MacDowell's death certificate.[2] Indeed, MacDowell had long suffered from insomnia, and potassium bromide or sodium bromide were the standard treatment for that condition, and in fact were used in many common remedies of the day. MacDowell also was in contact with bromides through his avid hobby of photography.[10]

A 1904 accident in which MacDowell was run over by a Hansom cab on Broadway may have contributed to his growing psychiatric disorder and resulting dementia. Of his final years, Lawrence Gilman, a contemporary, described: "His mind became as that of a little child. He sat quietly, day after day, in a chair by a window, smiling patiently from time to time at those about him, turning the pages of a book of fairy tales that seemed to give him a definite pleasure, and greeting with a fugitive gleam of recognition certain of his more intimate friends."[12]

The Mendelssohn Glee Club raised money to help the MacDowells. Friends launched a public appeal to raise funds for his care; among the signers were Horatio Parker, Victor Herbert, Arthur Foote, George Whitefield Chadwick, Frederick Converse, Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, New York Mayor Seth Low, and former President Grover Cleveland.

Edward A. MacDowell, US Postage, Issue of 1940

Marian MacDowell cared for her husband to the end of his life. In 1907, composer and his wife founded the MacDowell Colony by deeding the Hillcrest Farm to the newly established Edward MacDowell Association. MacDowell died in 1908 in New York City and was buried at the MacDowell Colony at his beloved Hillcrest Farm.

Legacy and honors

In 1896, Princeton University awarded MacDowell the Doctor of Music honorary degree. In 1899, MacDowell was elected as the president of the Society of American Musicians and Composers (New York).[5] In 1904, MacDowell became one of the first seven people chosen for membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters. After this experience, the MacDowells envisioned establishing a colony for artists near their summer home in Peterborough, New Hampshire.

The MacDowell Colony, a multidisciplinary artists' retreat, continued to honor the composer's memory after his death by supporting the work of other artists in an interdisciplinary environment. With time, it created an important part of MacDowell's legacy. Marian MacDowell led the Edward MacDowell Association and Colony for more than 25 years, strengthening its initial endowment by resuming her piano performances, and creating a wide circle of donors, especially among women's clubs and musical sororities, and around 400 MacDowell music clubs. The Edward MacDowell Association backed many American composers, including Aaron Copland, Edgard Varese, Roger Sessions, William Schuman, Walter Piston, Samuel Barber, Elliott Carter, and Leonard Bernstein, in the beginning phases of their careers by awarding them residencies, fellowships, and the Edward MacDowell Medal. Between 1925 and 1956, Copland eight times received a fellowship; in 1961 he was awarded the Edward MacDowell Medal, and himself served for 34 years on the board of Association and Colony.[13] Amy Beach was at the Colony on fellowships from its beginning for multiple summers while she was in her middle to later career.

After his death, MacDowell was considered as a great, internationally known American composer.[14] In 1940, MacDowell was one of five American composers honored in a series of United States postage stamps. The other four composers were Stephen Foster, John Philip Sousa, Victor Herbert, and Ethelbert Nevin. However, as the twentieth century progressed, his fame was eclipsed by such American composers as Charles Ives, Aaron Copland, and Roy Harris. In 1950s, Gilbert Chase, an American music historian and critic, wrote, "When Edward MacDowell appeared on the scene, many Americans felt that here at last was 'the great American composer' awaited by the nation. But MacDowell was not a great composer. At his best he was a gifted miniaturist with an individual manner. Creatively, he looked toward the past, not toward the future. He does not mark the beginning of a new epoch in American music, but the closing of a fading era, the fin de siecle decline of the genteel tradition which had dominated American art since the days of Hopkinson and Hewitt."[15] In 1970s, John Gillespie, an author of Five Centuries of Keyboard Music: An Historical Survey of Music for Harpsichord and Piano, reaffirmed Chase's opinion by writing that MacDowell's place in time, "accounts for his decreasing popularity; he does not belong with the great Romantics, Schumann and Brahms, but neither can be regarded as a precursor of twentieth century music."[16] Other critics, such as Virgil Thomson, maintained that MacDowell's legacy would be reconsidered and regain a place proper to its significance in the history of American music.[3]

As romantic tradition in music never lost its relevance and importance, the twenty-first century brought a reassessment of MacDowell's legacy not only as a talented piano virtuoso and piano pieces author, but also as one of America's preeminent composers. On February 14, 2000, he was inducted into a national Classical Music Hall of Fame.[13] Macdowell's two concertos now perceived as the "most important works in the genre by an American composer other than Gershwin."[17] His four sonatas, two orchestral suites and multiple solo piano pieces are performed and recorded.

Works

Portrait of Edward MacDowell

The following lists were compiled from information in collections of sheet music, Lawrence Gilman's Edward MacDowell: A Study (1908), Oscar Sonneck's Catalogue of First Editions of Edward MacDowell (1917), and John F. Porte's Edward MacDowell (1922).

Published compositions for piano, a complete listing

MacDowell published two books of Technical Exercises for piano; piano duet transcriptions of Hamlet and Ophelia for orchestra (op. 22); First Suite for orchestra (op.42); and a piano solo version of op. 42, no. 4, "The Shepherdess' Song", renamed "The Song of the Shepherdess".

Several of his works have been orchestrated for standard orchestra and chamber orchestra, the most popular being Nathan Kelly's orchestrations of the complete Woodland Sketches for chamber orchestra and solo clarinet.

Published compositions for orchestra, a complete listing

Published songs

Recordings

References

  1. ↑ Until 1975, it was generally accepted that MacDowell's year of birth was 1861. A scholarly article in The Musical Quarterly corrected this error.
  2. 1 2 Robin Rausch (Music Specialist at the Library of Congress). MacDowell by E. Douglas Bomberger (review). Notes, Volume 71, Number 2, December 2014, pp. 280-283. DOI: 10.1353/not.2014.0150
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Alan Levy. MacDowell, Edward. American National Biography Online. February 2000. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 Biography: Edward Alexander MacDowell (1860-1908), Library of Congress
  5. 1 2 The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 7, p. 147.
  6. ↑ Gilman, Lawrence. Edward MacDowell: A Study. New York, 1909, p. 26.
  7. ↑ D. Pesce. MacDowell, Edward, Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy. Accessed 7 January 2006.
  8. ↑ Baltzell, W. J. (editor). Critical and Historical Essays: Lectures Delivered at Columbia University by Edward MacDowell. Boston, 1912, pp. 288-289.
  9. ↑ Darnell, R. (1990). Edward Sapir: linguist, anthropologist, humanist. University of California press Berkeley & Los Angeles. p. 8. ISBN 0-520-06678-2.
  10. 1 2 Bomberger, E. Douglas. MacDowell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. ISBN 9780199899296.
  11. ↑ J. Madison Taylor, A.M., M.D. Bromide Poisoning Mistaken for Paresis, Monthly Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine, Volume 9 (5), May 1906, p. 193-195.
  12. ↑ Lawrence Gilman (1909), p. 54.
  13. 1 2 Edward Macdowell Inducted Into Classical Music Hall Of Fame, April 28, 2000.
  14. ↑ See: Introductory Note by Dr. Allan J Eastman, Etude: The Music Magazine, Volume 40, December 1922, p. 817.
  15. ↑ Chase, Gilbert. America's Music, from the Pilgrims to the Present. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1955, p. 364.
  16. ↑ Gillespie, John. Five Centuries of Keyboard Music: An Historical Survey of Music for Harpsichord and Piano. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Pub. Co, 1965, p. 313.
  17. ↑ Bomberger, E. Douglas. MacDowell's Legacy. Oxford Scholarship Online. May 2015. DOI:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199899296.003.0020
  18. ↑ Sonneck, Oscar. Catalogue of First Editions of Edward MacDowell. Library of Congress, 1917, page 9.
  19. ↑ Piano Music by Edward MacDowell – Sandra Carlock

Further reading

External links

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