Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales

Edward of Lancaster
Prince of Wales
An 18th-century engraving of Edward.
Born	13 October 1453 Palace of Westminster, London, England
Died	4 May 1471 (aged 17) Battle of Tewkesbury
Burial	Tewkesbury Abbey
Spouse	Anne Neville
House	Lancaster
Father	Henry VI of England
Mother	Margaret of Anjou
Religion	Roman Catholic

Edward of Westminster (13 October 1453 – 4 May 1471), also known as Edward of Lancaster, was the only son of King Henry VI of England and Margaret of Anjou. He was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury, making him the only heir apparent to the English throne ever to die in battle.

Early life

Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster, London, the only son of King Henry VI of England and his wife, Margaret of Anjou. At the time, there was strife between Henry's supporters and those of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, who had a claim to the throne and challenged the authority of Henry's officers of state. Henry was suffering from mental illness, and there were widespread rumours that the prince was the result of an affair between his mother and one of her loyal supporters. Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset and James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde, were both suspected of fathering Prince Edward,^[1] however, there is no firm evidence to support the rumours, and Henry himself never doubted the boy's legitimacy and publicly acknowledged paternity. Edward was invested as Prince of Wales at Windsor Castle in 1454.

War over the English throne

In 1460, King Henry was captured by the supporters of the Duke of York at the Battle of Northampton and taken to London. The Duke of York was dissuaded from claiming the throne immediately but he induced Parliament to pass the Act of Accord, by which Henry was allowed to reign but Edward was disinherited, as York or his heirs would become king on Henry's death.

Queen Margaret and Edward had meanwhile fled through Cheshire. By Margaret's later account, she induced outlaws and pillagers to aid her by pledging them to recognise the seven-year-old Edward as rightful heir to the crown. They subsequently reached safety in Wales and journeyed to Scotland, where Margaret raised support, while the Duke of York's enemies gathered in the north of England.

After York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield, the large army which Margaret had gathered advanced south. They defeated the army of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, one of York's most prominent supporters, at the Second Battle of St Albans. Warwick brought the captive King Henry in the train of his army, and he was found abandoned on the battlefield. Two of Warwick's knights, William Bonville, 1st Baron Bonville, and Sir Thomas Kyriell, who had agreed to remain with Henry and see that he came to no harm, were captured. The day after the battle, Margaret asked Edward what death the two knights should suffer. Edward readily replied that their heads should be cut off.^[2]

Exile in France

Margaret hesitated to advance on London with her unruly army, and subsequently retreated. They were routed at the Battle of Towton a few weeks later. Margaret and Edward fled once again, to Scotland. For the next three years, Margaret inspired several revolts in the northernmost counties of England, but was eventually forced to sail to France, where she and Edward maintained a court in exile. (Henry had once again been captured and was a prisoner in the Tower of London.)

In 1467 the ambassador of the Duchy of Milan to the court of France wrote that Edward "already talks of nothing but cutting off heads or making war, as if he had everything in his hands or was the god of battle or the peaceful occupant of that throne."^[3]

After several years in exile, Margaret took the best opportunity that presented itself and allied herself with the renegade Earl of Warwick. King Louis XI of France wanted to start a war with Burgundy, allies of the Yorkist King Edward IV. He believed if he allied himself to restoring Lancastrian rule they would help him conquer Burgundy. As a compliment to his new allies Louis made young Edward godfather to his son Charles. Prince Edward was married to Anne Neville, Warwick's younger daughter, in December 1470, though there is some doubt as to whether the marriage was ever solemnised.

Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury

Warwick returned to England and deposed Edward IV, with the help of Edward IV's younger brother, the Duke of Clarence. Edward IV fled into exile to Burgundy, while Warwick restored Henry VI to the throne.

Anne Neville

Edward and Margaret lingered behind in France until April 1471. However, Edward IV had already raised an army, returned to England, and reconciled with Clarence. On the same day Margaret and Edward landed in England (14 April), Edward IV defeated and killed Warwick at the Battle of Barnet. With little real hope of success, the inexperienced prince and his mother led the remnant of their forces to meet Edward IV in the Battle of Tewkesbury. They were defeated and Edward was killed.^[4] Edward's body is buried at Tewkesbury Abbey. His widow, Anne Neville, married the Duke of Gloucester, to whom she had been betrothed before and who eventually succeeded as King Richard III in 1483.

According to some accounts, shortly after the rout of the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury, a small contingent of men under the Duke of Clarence found the grieving prince near a grove, and immediately beheaded him on a makeshift block, despite his pleas. Paul Murray Kendall, a biographer of Richard III, accepts this version of events.^[5]

Another account of Edward's death is given by three Tudor sources: The Grand Chronicle of London, Polydore Vergil, and Edward Hall. It was later dramatised by William Shakespeare in Henry VI, Part 3, Act V, scene v. Their story is that Edward was captured and brought before the victorious Edward IV and his brothers and followers. The king received the prince graciously, and asked him why he had taken up arms against him. The prince replied defiantly, "I came to recover my father's heritage." The king then struck the prince across his face with his gauntlet hand, and his brothers killed the prince with their swords.

However none of these accounts appear in any of the contemporaneous sources, which all report that Edward died in battle.

Epitaph

The Latin memorial brass to Edward in Tewkesbury Abbey is set in the floor between the choir stalls, under the tower. It reads as follows:

+ Hic jacet Edwardus princeps Wallie, crude= liter interfectus dum adhuc juvenis anno dni 1471 mense maie die quarto eheu hominum furor Matris tu sola lux est gregis ultima spes

This can be translated into English as follows:^[6]

"Here lies Edward, Prince of Wales, cruelly slain whilst but a youth. Anno Domini 1471, May fourth. Alas, the savagery of men. Thou art the sole light of thy Mother, and the last hope of thy race."

Ancestry

Ancestors of Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales

16. John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster               8. Henry IV of England                       17. Blanche of Lancaster               4. Henry V of England                             18. Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford               9. Mary de Bohun                       19. Joan Fitzalan               2. Henry VI of England                                   20. Charles V of France               10. Charles VI of France                       21. Joanna of Bourbon               5. Catherine of Valois                             22. Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria               11. Isabeau of Bavaria-Ingolstadt                       23. Taddea Visconti               1. Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales                                         24. Louis I of Anjou               12. Louis II of Anjou                       25. Marie of Blois               6. René of Anjou                             26. John I of Aragon               13. Yolande of Aragon                       27. Violant of Bar               3. Margaret of Anjou                                   28. John I, Duke of Lorraine               14. Charles II, Duke of Lorraine                       29. Sophie of Württemberg               7. Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine                             30. Rupert of Germany               15. Margaret of the Palatinate                       31. Elisabeth of Nuremberg

Notes

1. Paul Murray Kendall, Richard The Third; page 32
2. Churchill, Winston (1956). A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: Vol1 The Birth of Britain. Cassell. p. 328. ISBN 0-304-29500-0.
3. R. A. Griffiths, ‘Edward , prince of Wales (1453–1471)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
4. John Marius Wilson, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870-72), entry for Tewkesbury
5. Paul Murray Kendall. Richard the Third (1956); pp. 118, 528-529 note
6. tewkesburyabbey.org.uk: The Monumental Inscriptions In The Abbey Church

References

• R. A. Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI (1981), especially the Epilogue. ISBN 0520043723
• Alison Weir, Lancaster and York: The Wars of the Roses, London (1995) ISBN 0712666745

External links

• Richard III Society: http://www.r3.org/basics/basic3.html
• Oxford Journals: http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/citation/s6-V/114/176-i