Eilat

This article is about the city. For other uses, see Eilat (disambiguation).
"Elat" redirects here. For the Canaanite goddess, see Asherah.
Eilat
  •  אֵילַת ‎
  • ايلات‎

Evening view of Eilat marina

Logo
Eilat
Coordinates: 29°33′N 34°57′E / 29.550°N 34.950°E / 29.550; 34.950Coordinates: 29°33′N 34°57′E / 29.550°N 34.950°E / 29.550; 34.950
District Southern
Founded 1951
Government
 • Type City (from 1959)
 • Mayor Meir Yitzhak Halevi
Area
 • Total 84,789 dunams (84.789 km2 or 32.737 sq mi)
Population (2014)[1]
 • Total 48,946

Eilat (/eɪˈlɑːt/; Hebrew:  אֵילַת  Hebrew pronunciation: [eiˈlat]; Arabic: ايلات‎) is Israel's southernmost city, a busy port and popular resort at the northern tip of the Red Sea, on the Gulf of Aqaba.

Home to about 47,700 people,[1] Eilat is part of the Southern Negev Desert, at the southern end of the Arava, adjacent to the Egyptian village of Taba to the south, the Jordanian port city of Aqaba to the east, and within sight of Saudi Arabia to the south-east, across the gulf.

Eilat's arid desert climate and low humidity are moderated by proximity to a warm sea. Temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in summer, and 21 °C (70 °F) in winter, while water temperatures range between 20 and 26 °C (68 and 79 °F). Eilat averages 360 sunny days a year.[2]

The city's beaches, coral reef, nightlife and desert landscapes make it a popular destination for domestic and international tourism.

Geography

Eilat aerial view

The geology and landscape are varied: igneous and metamorphic rocks, sandstone and limestone; mountains up to 892 metres (2,927 ft) above sea level; broad valleys such as the Arava, and seashore on the Gulf of Aqaba. With an annual average rainfall of 28 millimetres (1.1 in) and summer temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) and higher, water resources and vegetation are limited. "The main elements that influenced the region's history were the copper resources and other minerals, the ancient international roads that crossed the area, and its geopolitical and strategic position. These resulted in a settlement density that defies the environmental conditions."[3]

History

Etymology

The origin of the name Eilat is not definitively known, but likely comes from the Hebrew root A–Y–L (Hebrew: א. י. ל.‎), which is also the root for the word Elah (Hebrew: אלה‎), meaning Pistacia tree. Like numerous other localities, Eilat is mentioned in the Bible both in singular (possibly construct state) and plural form (Eilot).[4]

Antiquity

The original settlement was probably at the northern tip of the Gulf of Eilat.[5] Archaeological excavations uncovered impressive prehistoric tombs dating to the 7th millennium BC at the western edge of Eilat, while nearby copper workings and mining operations at Timna Valley are the oldest on earth. Ancient Egyptian records also document the extensive and lucrative mining operations and trade across the Red Sea with Egypt starting as early as the Fourth dynasty of Egypt. Eilat is mentioned in antiquity as a major trading partner with Elim, Thebes' Red Sea Port, as early as the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt.[6] Trade between Elim and Eilat furnished frankincense and myrrh, brought up from Ethiopia and Punt; bitumen and natron, from the Dead Sea; finely woven linen, from Byblos; and copper amulets, from Timna; all mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. In antiquity Eilat bordered the states of Edom, Midian and the tribal territory of the Rephidim, the indigenous inhabitants of the Sinai Peninsula.

Biblical period

Eilat is first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Exodus. The first six stations of the Exodus are in Egypt. The 7th is the crossing of the Red Sea and the 9th–13th are in and around Eilat, after the exodus from Egypt and crossing the Red Sea. Station 12 refers to a dozen campsites in and around Timna in Modern Israel near Eilat. When King David conquered Edom,[7] which up to then had been a common border of Edom and Midian, he took over Eilat, the border city shared by them as well. The commercial port city and copper based industrial center were maintained by Egypt until reportedly rebuilt by Solomon at a location known as Ezion-Geber (I Kings 9:26). In 2 Kings 14:21–22 "All the people of Judah took Uzziah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in the room of his father Amaziah. He rebuilt Elath, and restored it to Judah, after his father's death." And again in 2 Kings 16:6: "At that time the king of Edom recovered Elath for Edom, and drove out the people of Judah and sent Edomites to live there, as they do to this day."

Roman and Muslim periods

During the Roman period a road was built to link the area with the Nabataean city of Petra (in modern-day Jordan).

An Islamic copper smelting and trading community of 250–400 residents flourished during the Umayyad Period (700–900 CE); its remains were found and excavated in 1989, at the northern edge of modern Eilat, between what is now the industrial zone and nearby Kibbutz Eilot.[8]

In the writings of medieval Muslim scholars, such as Al-Waqidi, it is told that Muhammad made a treaty with Eilat's (Ayla) population, Jews and Christians. In the treaty, Muhammad offered protection to the Jews and the Christians, preserving their self-rule over the city, in exchange for an annual tax.[9] Another reference to the Eilat in Islamic texts is believed to appear in the Quran, sura 7:163–169. In these Ayats appears a story about "a town by the sea" where the Jewish residents were tested by God to check if they truly observe the Shabbat. Once they didn't, they were turned into apes.[10] The Darb el Hajj or "Pilgrim's Road", from Africa through Egypt to Mecca, passed out of Sinai from the west at Umm Al-Rashrash, the modern Arabic name for Eilat, before skirting the sea and continuing south into Arabia. A British police post was established in this area in 1906.[11]

After the establishment of the State of Israel

Israeli soldiers stabilize a flag pole whilst another soldier climbs it in order to raise an improvised flag; the soldier is seen about half way up the flag pole. Other soldiers look on.
The raising of the Ink Flag, when the land upon which Eilat was built was captured during Operation Uvda.

The area was designated as part of the Jewish state in the 1947 UN Partition Plan. The Arab village of Umm Al-Rashrash was taken without a fight on March 10, 1949, as part of Operation Uvda.[12]

The Timna Copper Mines[13] near Timna valley were opened, a port was constructed, the Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline laid, and tourism began. Construction of the city and the Port of Eilat began shortly after the end of the war. The port became vital to the fledgling country's development.

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Arab countries maintained a state of hostility with Israel, blocking all land routes; Israel's access to and trade with the rest of the world was by air and sea alone. Further, Egypt denied passage through the Suez Canal to Israeli-registered ships or to any ship carrying cargo to or from Israeli ports. This made Eilat and its sea port crucial to Israel's communications, commerce and trade with Africa and Asia, and for oil imports. Without recourse to a port on the Red Sea Israel would have been unable to develop its diplomatic, cultural and trade ties beyond the Mediterranean basin and Europe. This happened in 1956 and again in 1967, when Egypt's closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping effectively blockaded the port of Eilat.

In 1956, this led to Israel's participation alongside Britain and France in the war against Egypt sparked by the Suez Crisis, while in 1967 90% of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran.[14] Oil tankers that were due to pass through the straits were delayed.[15][16] The straits' closure was cited by Israel as an additional casus belli leading to the outbreak of the Six-Day War. Following peace treaties signed with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, Eilat's borders with its neighbors were finally opened.

Israeli–Arab conflict

IDF Soldier Anastasia Bagdalov, awarded a military commendation for her role during the 2011 attacks. A passenger on the bus, she used her bra as a tourniquet to save the life of a severely wounded soldier.

In 2007 the Eilat bakery bombing killed three civilian bakers.[17][18] This was the first such attack to take place in Eilat proper,[19] although other terror attacks had been carried out in the area.[20]

In 2011, terrorists infiltrated Israel across the Sinai border to execute multiple attacks on Highway 12, including a civilian bus and private car a few miles north of Eilat, in what became known as the 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks.[21][22]

In order to prevent terrorist infiltration of Israel from the Sinai, Israel has built the Israel-Egypt barrier, a steel barrier equipped with cameras, radar and motion sensors along the country's southern border.[23] The fence was completed in January 2013.[24]

The town of Eilat is also defended by Lotar Eilat, a reservist special-forces unit trained in counter-terrorism and hostage rescue, which has taken part in many counter-terrorist missions in the region since its formation in 1974. The Lotar unit is comprised solely of reservists, citizens who must be Eilat residents between the ages of 20 and 60, who are on call in case of a terrorist attack on the city. It is one of only three units authorized to free hostages.[25][26]

Future development plans

Eilat's north beach

In July 2012, Israel signed an agreement with China to cooperate in building the high-speed railway to Eilat, a railway line which will serve both passenger and freight trains. It will link Eilat with Beersheba and Tel Aviv, and will run through the Arava Valley and Nahal Zin.[27]

Currently, there are plans to vacate and dismantle Eilat Airport due to the plans for Ramon Airport, and develop the area. The new Ramon Airport is expected to open in 2017, 18 km north of Eilat and replace both Eilat Airport and Ovda Airport.[28] Hotels and apartment buildings, containing a total of 2,080 hotel rooms and 1,000 apartments will be constructed on the site, as well as 275 dunams of public space and pedestrian paths. The plans also set aside space for the railway line and an underground railway station. The plan's goal is to create an urban continuum between the city center and North Beach, as well as tighten the links between the city's neighborhoods, which are currently separated by the airport.[29]

In addition, there are plans to move the Port of Eilat and the Eilat-Ashkelon pipeline terminal to the northern part of the city, as well as to turn it into a university town of science and research, and brand it an international sports city. All these projects are part of a plan to increase Eilat's population to 150,000 people and build 35,000 hotel rooms.[30]

Climate

Eilat
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
4
 
 
20
9
 
 
6
 
 
22
10
 
 
5
 
 
26
13
 
 
3
 
 
29
17
 
 
1
 
 
34
19
 
 
0
 
 
37
23
 
 
0
 
 
38
25
 
 
0
 
 
38
25
 
 
0
 
 
35
23
 
 
1
 
 
32
20
 
 
3
 
 
27
15
 
 
6
 
 
22
11
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Weather2Travel[31]

Eilat has a hot desert climate (BWh[32] with hot, dry summers and warm and almost rainless winters in Köppen climate classification). Winters are usually between 11–23 °C (52–73 °F). Summers are usually between 26–40 °C (79–104 °F). There are relatively small coral reefs near Eilat; however, 50 years ago they were much larger: the corals have been dying as a result of water pollution.

Climate data for Eilat
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 30.2
(86.4)		 31.6
(88.9)		 36.2
(97.2)		 40.6
(105.1)		 44.8
(112.6)		 45.6
(114.1)		 46.8
(116.2)		 46.2
(115.2)		 45.0
(113)		 41.5
(106.7)		 36.4
(97.5)		 31.4
(88.5)		 47.4
(117.3)
Average high °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4)		 22.1
(71.8)		 25.5
(77.9)		 31.1
(88)		 35.4
(95.7)		 38.7
(101.7)		 39.9
(103.8)		 39.8
(103.6)		 37.3
(99.1)		 33.0
(91.4)		 27.2
(81)		 22.3
(72.1)		 31.09
(87.96)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15
(59)		 17
(63)		 20
(68)		 24
(75)		 28
(82)		 31
(88)		 32
(90)		 32
(90)		 30
(86)		 27
(81)		 21
(70)		 16
(61)		 25
(77)
Average low °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3)		 10.6
(51.1)		 13.6
(56.5)		 17.8
(64)		 21.5
(70.7)		 24.2
(75.6)		 25.9
(78.6)		 26.2
(79.2)		 24.5
(76.1)		 21.0
(69.8)		 15.5
(59.9)		 11.2
(52.2)		 18.47
(65.25)
Record low °C (°F) 2.2
(36)		 3.0
(37.4)		 6.4
(43.5)		 8.4
(47.1)		 14.6
(58.3)		 19.1
(66.4)		 20.0
(68)		 20.4
(68.7)		 19.2
(66.6)		 13.7
(56.7)		 7.0
(44.6)		 2.5
(36.5)		 2.2
(36)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.5
(0.138)		 5.8
(0.228)		 3.7
(0.146)		 1.7
(0.067)		 1.0
(0.039)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 3.5
(0.138)		 3.5
(0.138)		 6.0
(0.236)		 28.7
(1.13)
Average precipitation days 2.1 1.8 1.6 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.8 1.9 10.6
Average relative humidity (%) 32 28 25 19 16 15 17 18 23 27 29 33 23.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 229.4 237.3 251.1 273 319.3 324 347.2 347.2 291 282.1 246 217 3,364.6
Source #1: Israel Meteorological Service[33][34]
Source #2: Climatemps.com for mean temperatures[35]
Eilat mean sea temperature[31]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
22 °C (72 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 21 °C (70 °F) 23 °C (73 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 23 °C (73 °F)

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1955500—    
19615,300+960.0%
197213,100+147.2%
198318,900+44.3%
199532,500+72.0%
200847,300+45.5%
201448,946+3.5%
Source:

In 2007, over 200 Sudanese refugees from Egypt who arrived in Israel illegally on foot were given work and allowed to stay in Eilat.[36][37][38] Eilat's population includes a large number of foreign workers, estimated at over 10,000 working as caregivers, hotel workers and in the construction trades. Eilat also has a growing Israeli Arab population, as well as many affluent Jordanians and Egyptians who visit Eilat in the summer months.

Education

The educational system of Eilat accommodates more than 9,000 youngsters in eight day-care centers, 67 pre-kindergartens and kindergartens, 10 elementary schools, and four high schools.[39] Ben Gurion University of the Negev maintains a campus in Eilat. The Eilat branch has 1,100 students, about 75 percent from outside the city. In 2010, a new student dormitory was funded and built by the Jewish Federation of Toronto, the Rashi Foundation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the municipality of Eilat.[40] The SPNI's Eilat Field School on the outskirts of Eilat offers special hiking tours that focus on desert ecology, the Red Sea, bird migration and other aspects of Eilat's flora and fauna.[41]

Healthcare

Yoseftal Medical Center, established in 1968, is Israel's southernmost hospital, and the only hospital covering the southern Negev. With 65 beds, the hospital is Israel's smallest. Special services geared to the Red Sea region are a hyperbaric chamber to treat victims of diving accidents and kidney dialysis facilities open to vacationing tourists.[42]

Transportation

Air

Road

Eilat has two main roads connecting it with the center of Israel - Route 12, which leads North West, and Route 90 which leads North East, and South West to the border crossing with Egypt. Egged, the national bus company, provides regular service to points north on an almost hourly basis as well as in-city on a half-hourly basis during daylight hours.

Border Crossings with Egypt and Jordan

Maritime

The Port of Eilat and Eilat Marina allow travel by sea.

Future plans also call for a rail link, sometimes referred to as the Med-Red[45] to decrease travel times substantially from Eilat to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, via the existing line at Beer Sheba; planning is underway.

Economy

In the 1970s tourism became increasingly important to the city's economy as other industries shut down or were drastically reduced. Today tourism is the city's major source of income, although Eilat became a free trade zone in 1985.[46]

Tourism

Eilat Sports Center. Design by Moti Bodek Architects

Eilat offers a wide range of accommodations, from hostels and luxury hotels to Bedouin hospitality. In recent years Eilat has been the target of millitants from Egypt and Gaza causing a reduced tourist inflow to the region. Attractions include:

Dive tourism

Coral World Underwater Observatory

Skin and Scuba diving, with equipment for hire on or near all major beaches. Scuba diving equipment rental and compressed air are available from diving clubs and schools all year round. Eilat is located in the Gulf of Aqaba, one of the most popular diving destinations in the world. The coral reefs along Eilat's coast remain relatively pristine and the area is recognized as one of the prime diving locations in the world.[54] About 250,000 dives are performed annually in Eilat's 11 km (6.84 mi) coastline, and diving represents 10% of the tourism income of this area.[55] In addition, given the proximity of many of these reefs to the shore, non-divers can encounter the Red Sea's reefs with relative ease.[54] Water conditions for SCUBA divers are good all year round, with water temperatures around 21–25 °C (70–77 °F), with little or no currents and clear waters with an average of 20–30 metres (66–98 feet) visibility.

Museums

Film

Eilat has been utilized by film and television productions - domestic and foreign - for location shooting since the 1960s, most notably in the early 90s as a tropical locale for season 2 of the Canadian production Tropical Heat.

It was also used in the films She, Madron, Ashanti and Rambo III.

Archaeology

Despite harsh conditions, the region has supported large populations as far back as 8,000 BCE.

Exploration of ancient sites began in 1861, but only 7% of the area has undergone serious archaeological excavation. Some 1,500 ancient sites are located in a 1,200-square-kilometre (460 sq mi) area. In contrast to the gaps found in settlement periods in the neighbouring Negev Highlands and Sinai, these sites show continuous settlement for the past 10,000 years.

Notable people

Shahar Tzuberi

Neighborhoods

Eilat neighborhoods are Arava, Ganim A, Ganim B, Hadekel, Ha'eshel, Mizpe Yam, Maar'av Sheva also known as West7, Midbar, Ophir, Shahamon, Tse'elim, Urim, Ye'elim, Zofit Elite, and Zofit Tachtit.

Twin towns – sister cities

Eilat is twinned with:

Eilat has streets named after Antibes, Durban, Kamen, Kampen and Los Angeles as well as a Canada Park.

Images

Eilat Coastline at Night
Panorama of the Eilat Mountains

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Locality File" (XLS). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
  2. ↑ Discovering the World of the Bible, LaMar C. Berrett, (Cedar Fort 1996), page 204
  3. ↑ Avner, U. 2008. Eilat Region. In, A. Stern (ed.). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavation in the Holy Land, Volume 5 (Supplementary). Jerusalem. 1704–1711.
  4. ↑ Grinzweig, Michael (1993). Cohen, Meir; Schiller, Eli, eds. "From the Items of the Name Eilat". Ariel (in Hebrew) (Ariel Publishing) (93–94: Eilat – Human, Sea and Desert): 110.
  5. ↑ Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN.
  6. ↑ Michael Rice(1990). Egypt's Making. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-06454-6.
  7. ↑ "ישראל המקדשית". Gideon.022.co.il. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  8. ↑ Yehudah Rapuano (2013). "An Early Islamic Settlement and a Possible Open-Air Mosque at Eilat". 'Atiqot 75: 129–165.
  9. ↑ Moshe Gil. "A History of Palestine, 634–1099". Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp.29–31
  10. ↑ The Quran, sura 7:163–167. http://quran.com/7/163-169
  11. ↑ Gabriel Warburg (1979). "The Sinai Peninsula borders 1906–1947". Journal of Contemporary History 14: 677–692. doi:10.1177/002200947901400406.
  12. ↑ Nowar, Maan Abu (2002). The history of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. (1. ed.). Oxford: Ithaca Press. p. 297. ISBN 0863722865.
  13. ↑ "Timna Copper Mines homepage".
  14. ↑ Avi Shlaim; William Roger Louis (13 February 2012). The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences. Cambridge University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-107-00236-4. 90% of Israeli oil was imported through the Straits of Tiran
  15. ↑ Avi Shlaim; William Roger Louis (13 February 2012). The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-107-00236-4.
  16. ↑ "Daily brief to the U.S president on 27 May 1967" (PDF). 27 May 1967. "diverted as was a sister ship yesterday
  17. ↑ Suicide Bomb Kills 3 in Bakery in Israel – The New York Times, Jan 29, 2007
  18. ↑ "Eilat driver warned police about terrorist minutes before attack". Haaretz. April 17, 2006.
  19. ↑ "Peretz orders IDF to prepare for operations in Gaza". The Jerusalem Post. January 29, 2007.
  20. ↑ "Past terror attacks in the Eilat area". Haaretz. January 29, 2007.
  21. ↑ Harel, Amos (September 2, 2011). "September songs". Haaretz.
  22. ↑ Wyre Davies (August 2, 2010). "'One killed' after rockets strike Jordan and Israel". BBC. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  23. ↑ Joel Greenberg (2011-12-02). "On Israel’s uneasy border with Egypt, a fence rises". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  24. ↑ Amos Harel (2011-11-13). "On Israel-Egypt border, best defense is a good fence". Haaretz. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
  25. ↑ The real 24: An inside look at an elite IDF anti-terror unit Friday August 26, 2011
  26. ↑ 5 Things You Didn’t Know about the Eilat Counterterrorism Unit
  27. ↑ "Israel, China agree to build Eilat railway". Globes. 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  28. ↑ "Ramon Airport". Ramon Airport Website. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  29. ↑ "Hotels, 1,000 apartments planned for Eilat Airport site". Globes. 2012-04-03. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  30. ↑ "Despite Japan, IEC chairman urges nuclear power". Globes. 2011-03-15. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  31. 1 2 "Eilat Climate and Weather Averages, Israel". Weather2Travel. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
  32. ↑ "Climate: Eilat - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  33. ↑ "Averages and Records for Eilat (Precipitation, Temperature and Records [Excluding February, July and August] written in the page)". Israel Meteorological Service.
  34. ↑ "Records Data for Israel (Data used only for February, July and August)". Israel Meteorological Service.
  35. ↑ "Eilat Weather Averages". Climatemps.com. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  36. ↑ Jonathan Saul, Elana Ringler for Reuters (2007). "Sudanese refugees in Israel face uncertainty". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
  37. ↑ Joshua Mitnick (2006). "Sudan's "Genocide" Lands at Israel's Door". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
  38. ↑ Neta Sela (2007). "Israel must reject Darfur refugees, rabbi says". Ynet News – Jewish World. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
  39. ↑ Daniel Horowitz. "UJA Federation of Greater Toronto". Jewishtoronto.net. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  40. ↑ "New Student Dormitories Dedicated in Eilat Campus". Web.archive.org. 2010-05-15. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  41. ↑ "SPNI field schools". Aspni.org. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  42. ↑ "Clalit Health Services". Clalit.org.il. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  43. ↑ Israel Airports Authority (2007). "Eilat Airport". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  44. ↑ Israel Airports Authority (2007). "Ovda Airport". Israel Airports Authority. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  45. ↑ Moti Bassok, Cabinet examining plan for Med-Red railway Haaretz, January 30, 2012
  46. ↑ Maltz, Judy (January 12, 1989). "Eilat turns to industry to complement tourism trade". The Jerusalem Post. p. 9. Retrieved October 30, 2007.
  47. ↑ "birdsofeilat.com". birdsofeilat.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  48. ↑ Coral World (2005). "The Underwater Observatory Marine Park, Eilat". Coral World. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  49. ↑ The Dolphin Reef Eilat (2007). "The Freedom To Choose". The Dolphin Reef Eilat. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
  50. 1 2 The Red Sea Desert (2007). "Hai-Bar Yotvata Nature Reserve". The Red Sea Desert. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  51. ↑ Kings City (2007). "Kings City, Eilat". Kings City. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  52. ↑ BiblePlaces.com (2007). "Timna Valley". BiblePlaces.com. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
  53. ↑ ""What's Up" Observatory in Eilat". Whatsup.eilatnature.com. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  54. 1 2 "MFA, Gulf of Aqaba- Tourism, 30 Sep 1997". Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
  55. ↑ Artificial Reefs and Dive Tourism in Eilat, Israel Dan Wilhelmsson, Marcus C. Öhman, Henrik Ståhl and Yechiam Shlesinger Ambio, Vol. 27, No. 8, Building Capacity for Coastal Management (Dec., 1998), pp. 764–766 Published by: Allen Press on behalf of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Sister Cities". Union of Local Authorities in Israel (ULAI). Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  57. 1 2 3 4 "Eilat Sister Cities". Israel-Times.com. November 7, 2007. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
  58. ↑ "What we do: Humanitarian Aid". Israel MFA. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
  59. ↑ "Facts about Durban". September 7, 2003. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
  60. ↑ "Municipal Smolyan". Retrieved December 16, 2007.
  61. ↑ "Weiterführende Informationen: Städtepartnerschaften". Israel MFA. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
  62. ↑ "Eilat, Israel – Sister Cities of Los Angeles". Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  63. ↑ "The anniversary of our sister city, Eilat". Retrieved October 16, 2011.
  64. ↑ "Sopron, Hungary, One Of Eilats Twin Cities". Eilat Today. Retrieved August 23, 2012.

External links

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