Eric II of Norway

Eric II Magnusson
Contemporary bust of Eric II from the Stavanger Cathedral, dated to the 1280s.[1]
King of Norway
Reign	9 May 1280 – 15 July 1299 (rex iunior from 1273)
Coronation	1280, Old cathedral of Bergen
Predecessor	Magnus VI
Successor	Haakon V
Born	1268
Died	15 July 1299 Bergen
Burial	Old cathedral of Bergen
Consort	Margaret of Scotland Isabel Bruce
Issue	Margaret, Queen of Scots Ingeborg, Duchess of Finland
House	Sverre
Father	Magnus VI of Norway
Mother	Ingeborg of Denmark
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Eric Magnusson (1268 – 15 July 1299) (Old Norse: Eiríkr Magnússon; Norwegian: Eirik Magnusson) was the King of Norway from 1280 until 1299.

Background

Eirik was the eldest surviving son of King Magnus the Lawmender of Norway, and his wife Ingeborg Eriksdatter, daughter of King Eric IV of Denmark. In 1273, when he was 5 years old, he was given the title of king, alongside his father, who planned to hold a coronation for Eirik as his subordinate co-ruler in the summer of 1280. However, King Magnus died before this could be arranged, and Eirik became sole king and was crowned as such in Bergen in the summer of 1280. During his minority, the kingdom was ruled by a royal council consisting of prominent barons and probably also his mother, the dowager queen Ingeborg. After Eirik came of age in 1282, this royal council is still thought to have had a major influence over his reign.^[2] His brother, Haakon, was in 1273 given the title "Duke of Norway", and from 1280 ruled a large area around Oslo in Eastern Norway and Stavanger in the southwest, subordinate to King Eirik. The king's main residence was in Bergen in Western Norway.^[2]

Eirik married princess Margaret of Scotland, daughter of King Alexander III of Scotland in Bergen in 1281. Margaret died two years later in childbirth, giving birth to Margaret, Maid of Norway, who became queen of Scotland in 1286 until her death in 1290. Her death sparked the disputed succession which led to the Wars of Scottish Independence.^[3] Eirik briefly and unsuccessfully laid claim to the Scottish crown as inheritance from his daughter.^[2]

Eirik later married Isabel Bruce, sister of King Robert I of Scotland. Their marriage did not produce a surviving male heir, though it did produce a daughter, Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway, who married Valdemar Magnusson of Sweden, Duke of Finland, in 1312. Ingeborg Eriksdotter was styled Duchess of Öland.^[4]

Reign

Seal of Eric in known use 1289–98, with obverse (left) and reverse (right).

A prominent feature of Eirik's reign was war with Denmark, which was waged on and off from 1287 until 1295. A major motivation for this warfare was Eirik's claim on his mother's Danish inheritance. In 1287, he also entered into an alliance with a group of Danish nobles, most prominently Jacob Nielsen, Count of Halland and Stig Andersen Hvide, who were outlawed in Denmark for allegedly murdering the Danish king Eric V. Eirik gave the outlaws sanctuary in Norway in 1287. King Eirik himself led a large Norwegian fleet which, along with the Danish outlaws, attacked Denmark in 1289, burning Elsinore and threatening Copenhagen. Renewed naval attacks on Denmark were made in 1290 and 1293, before peace was made in 1295.^[5]

Eirik received the nickname "Priest Hater" from his unsuccessful relations with the church.

As Eirik died without sons, he was succeeded by his brother, as Haakon V of Norway. He was buried in the old cathedral of Bergen, which was demolished in 1531. Its site is marked by a memorial, in present-day Bergenhus Fortress.^[6][7]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Eric II of Norway

16. Sverre of Norway               8. Haakon III of Norway                       4. Haakon IV of Norway                             9. Inga of Varteig                       2. Magnus VI of Norway                                   20. Bård Guttormsson               10. Skule Bårdsson                       21. Ragnfrid Erlingsdotter               5. Margrete Skulesdatter                             22. Jon Torbergsson               11. Ragnhild Jonsdatter                       23. Ragnhild Erlingsdotter               1. Eric II of Norway                                         24. Valdemar I of Denmark               12. Valdemar II of Denmark                       25. Sophia of Minsk               6. Eric IV of Denmark                             26. Sancho I of Portugal               13. Berengaria of Portugal                       27. Dulce of Aragon               3. Ingeborg of Denmark                                   28. Bernard III, Duke of Saxony               14. Albert I, Duke of Saxony                       29. Brigitte of Denmark               7. Jutta of Saxony                             30. Leopold VI, Duke of Austria               15. Agnes of Austria                       31. Theodora Angelina

References

1. Lillehammer, Grete, et al. (1995) Museoteket ved Arkeologisk museum i Stavanger: Rogalandsfunn fra istid til middelalder, p. 108
2. Narve Bjørgo, "Eirik Magnusson" in Norsk biografisk leksikon vol. II, (Oslo, 2000), pp. 436-437
3. Margrete Eiriksdotter (Store norske leksikon)
4. Isabella Bruce (Store norske leksikon)
5. Tor Einar Fagerland, Krig og diplomati i nordisk middelalder (Oslo, 2002) pp. 82-96
6. Eirik Magnusson (Store norske leksikon)
7. Eirik Magnusson 1280-1299 (Eirik Magnussons mynthistorie)