Eisenhower's farewell address

President Dwight Eisenhower delivers his farewell address.

Eisenhower's farewell address (sometimes referred to as "Eisenhower's farewell address to the nation"[1]) was the final public speech of Dwight D. Eisenhower as President of the United States, delivered in a television broadcast on January 17, 1961. Perhaps best known for advocating that the nation guard against the potential influence of the military–industrial complex, a term he is credited with coining, the speech also expressed concerns about planning for the future and the dangers of massive spending, especially deficit spending, the prospect of the domination of science through Federal funding and, conversely, the domination of science-based public policy by what he called a "scientific-technological elite".[2] This speech and Eisenhower's Chance for Peace speech have been called the "bookends" of his administration.[3]

Background

Eisenhower served as a president for two full terms, making a total of eight years, and was the first U.S. president to be term-limited from seeking re-election again. He had overseen a period of considerable economic expansion, even as the Cold War deepened. Three of his national budgets had been balanced, but spending pressures mounted. The recent presidential election had resulted in the election of John F. Kennedy, and the oldest American president in a century[4] was about to hand the reins of power to the youngest elected president.[5]

The speech

Eisenhower's farewell address, January 17, 1961. Length 15:30.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

As early as 1959, Eisenhower began working with his brother Milton and his speechwriters, including his chief speechwriter Malcolm Moos, to develop his final statement as he left public life. It went through at least 21 drafts.[6] The speech was "a solemn moment in a decidedly unsolemn time", warning a nation "giddy with prosperity, infatuated with youth and glamour, and aiming increasingly for the easy life."[3]

As we peer into society's future, we – you and I, and our government – must avoid the impulse to live only for today, plundering for, for our own ease and convenience, the precious resources of tomorrow. We cannot mortgage the material assets of our grandchildren without asking the loss also of their political and spiritual heritage. We want democracy to survive for all generations to come, not to become the insolvent phantom of tomorrow. [1]
A draft of the farewell address, showing handwritten edits.

The only general to be elected president in the 20th century, he famously warned the nation about the potentially corrupting influence of the "military-industrial complex". This is frequently mischaracterized as a criticism of the arms industry, which it was not.[7] He in fact declared such an industry to be necessary. His concern was of its potential for corruption:

Until the latest of our world conflicts, the United States had no armaments industry. American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense. We have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. Added to this, three and a half million men and women are directly engaged in the defense establishment. We annually spend on military security alone more than the net income of all United States corporations.

Now this conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence -- economic, political, even spiritual -- is felt in every city, every Statehouse, every office of the Federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet, we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources, and livelihood are all involved. So is the very structure of our society.

In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.[1]

He also expressed his concomitant concern for corruption of the scientific process as part of this centralization of funding in the Federal government:

Akin to, and largely responsible for the sweeping changes in our industrial-military posture, has been the technological revolution during recent decades.

In this revolution, research has become central, it also becomes more formalized, complex, and costly. A steadily increasing share is conducted for, by, or at the direction of, the Federal government.

...

The prospect of domination of the nation's scholars by Federal employment, project allocation, and the power of money is ever present and is gravely to be regarded.

Yet in holding scientific discovery in respect, as we should, we must also be alert to the equal and opposite danger that public policy could itself become the captive of a scientific-technological elite.[1]


Legacy

Although it was much broader, Eisenhower's speech is remembered primarily for its reference to the military-industrial complex.[6] The phrase gained acceptance during the Vietnam War era and 21st-century commentators have expressed the opinion that a number of the fears raised in his speech have come true.[8][9][10][11] The speech has been adapted as an oratory for orchestra and orator. [12]

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 McAdams, John. "Eisenhower's Farewell Address to the Nation". The Kennedy Assassination. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Military-Industrial Complex Speech, Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961". Avalon Project. 2008. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Susan Eisenhower, "50 Years Later, We're Still Ignoring Ike's Warning", The Washington Post, January 16, 2011, p. B3.
  4. ↑ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. p. 7. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
  5. ↑ Nancy Gibbs, "When New President Meets Old, It's Not Always Pretty". Time, November 10, 2008.
  6. 1 2 John Milburn, "Papers shed light on Eisenhower's farewell address". Associated Press, December 10, 2010. Retrieved 2010.12.10.
  7. ↑ Jay Nordlinger, "Ike as Weapon The use and abuse of Eisenhower's Farewell Address, with its warning about the ‘military-industrial complex'". NATIONAL REVIEW ONLINE, May 29, 2014 12:00 AM. Retrieved 2015.05.29.
  8. ↑ Hanft, Adam (January 18, 2011). "50th Anniversary of Eisenhower's 'Military-Industry Complex' Speech; Still Shocking on Many Levels". The Huffington Post.
  9. ↑ "Eisenhower's Warning Still Challenges A Nation". NPR. January 16, 2011.
  10. ↑ "Like Washington, Eisenhower's Farewell Address Counseled Balance". The Heritage Foundation. January 17, 2011.
  11. ↑ Zakaria, Farheed (August 3, 2011). "Why defense spending should be cut". The Washington Post.
  12. ↑ http://www.worldcat.org/title/eisenhower-farewell-address/oclc/538899811

External links

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