Ektachrome

Ektachrome is a brand name owned by Kodak for a range of transparency, still, and motion picture films previously available in many formats, including 35 mm and sheet sizes to 11×14 inch size. Ektachrome has a distinctive look that became familiar to many readers of National Geographic, which used it extensively for color photographs for decades in settings where Kodachrome was too slow.[1] Ektachrome is able to take photos at shutter speeds of 1/10,000 of a second with out filters.[2]

Ektachrome, initially developed in the early 1940s, allowed professionals and amateurs alike to process their own films. It also made color reversal film more practical in larger formats, and the Kodachrome Professional film in sheet sizes was later discontinued.

Whereas the development process used by Kodachrome is technically intricate and beyond the means of amateur photographers and smaller photographic labs, Ektachrome processing is simpler, and small professional labs could afford equipment to develop the film. Many process variants (designated E-1 through E-6) were used to develop it over the years. Modern Ektachrome films are developed using the E-6 process,[3] which can be carried out by small labs or by a keen amateur using a basic film tank and tempering bath to maintain the temperature at 100 °F (38 °C).

Ektachrome has been used occasionally as a motion picture film stock, such as in the 1999 film Three Kings and the 2006 film Inside Man, in which each used cross processing in C-41 color negative chemistry to give a unique appearance.[4][5]

Several years before Ektachrome's discontinuation, some of Kodak's consumer E-6 films were rebranded as Elite Chrome. In late 2009, Kodak announced the discontinuation of Ektachrome 64T (EPY) and Ektachrome 100 Plus (EPP) films, citing declining sales. On February 4, 2011, Kodak announced the discontinuance of Ektachrome 200 on its website. On March 1, 2012 Kodak announced the discontinuance of three color Ektachrome films.[6] In December 2012 Kodak announced its discontinuance of Ektachrome 100D color reversal movie film in certain formats.[7] By late 2013, all Ektachrome products were discontinued.

Processing

See also: E-6 process

Although Kodachrome is often considered a superior film due to its archival qualities and color palette, advances in dye and coupler technology blurred the boundaries between the differing processes, along with Kodak having abandoned Kodachrome research and development since the mid-1990s. Furthermore, the developing of Kodachrome always required a complex, fickle process requiring an on-site analytical lab and typically required a turnaround of several days to allow for shipping times. By contrast, small professional labs have been able to process Ektachrome on-site since the 1950s, with product safety and effluent discharge having been drastically improved since the 1970s, when Kodak reformulated their entire color chemistry lineup. It is even possible for amateur labs to process Ektachrome within an hour using a rotary tube processor (made by Jobo, WingLynch or PhotoTherm), sink-line, or even by hand inversion in a small drum and E-2,[8] E-4, and E-6 processing chemistry kits were sold for home darkrooms.

Variants

There were some other Ektachrome processes for 16 mm motion picture films:

The following processes are used for amateur Ektachrome super 8 mm movie film:

Process history

E-1
Initial Ektachrome process for sheet and roll film (1946–c. 1950s)[9][10]
E-2
Updated Ektachrome process for roll film and 135 film (1955–1966)[11][12][13]
E-3
Updated "professional" Ektachrome process for sheet film and Kodak EP professional rollfilm (c. 1950s to 1976)
E-4
Updated Ektachrome process for roll film and 135 film (1966–1996, see note)[14]
E-5
Research project, only saw minor use in a revised form as the aerial film process AR-5
E-6
Current Ektachrome process used for all major color reversal films and formats, first released in 1977. The conditioner, bleach and stabilizer baths were modified in the mid-1990s to remove the formaldehyde from the stabilizer: This change was indicated by changing the names of the conditioner step to pre-bleach step, and the stabilizer step to the final rinse step
E-6P
Used for push processing of Kodak Ektachrome films in general, and particularly for Kodak Ektachrome EPH ISO 1600 film,[15] which has a speed of ISO 400 in normal E6, but is exposed at EI 1600 and push processed two stops in the first developer bath (10:00 @100.0F) to achieve the ISO 1600 speed rating. (It is natural for a faster film to require a longer first development time. This is sacrificed in the case of most color processing for consistency in processing, especially in machine processing.)

Other film manufacturers use their own designations for nearly identical processes. They include Fujifilm's process CR-55 (E-4) and CR-56 (cross-licensed with Kodak's process E-6; but with slight variations in the first developer); and the now-discontinued Agfachrome and Konica's CRK-2 (E-6 equivalent).

High Speed Ektachrome, announced in 1959[16] provided an ASA 160 color film, which was much faster than Kodachrome. In 1968, Kodak started offering push processing of this film, allowing it to be used at ASA 400.[17]

The E-4 process was generally stopped after 1977, although continued in use for Kodak PCF (Photomicrography Color Film) until the 1980s, and for Kodak IE (Color Infra-red film) until 1996. This was due to a legal commitment by Kodak to provide the process for 30 years.

The Ektachrome process differs significantly from the Agfa Process AP-41, used generally until 1983 to develop films such as Agfachrome CT18 and 50s Professional.

Processing laboratories

The Washington (W) Processing Lab operated between 1967 and July 1999. The lab facility was located in Montgomery County at the address of 1 Choke Cherry Road, Rockville, Maryland.[18]

The Palo Alto (P) California Processing Lab was located at 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California.[19]

The Rochester (R) New York Processing Lab is located at Kodak Park in Rochester, New York.

There were also Kodak processing laboratories in other locations, including Hollywood (California), Atlanta (Georgia), and Hemel Hempstead (England).

References

  1. ↑ "What type of film is this? - Photo.net Film and Processing Forum". Photo.net. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
  2. ↑ http://filmphotographyproject.com/store/120-color-slide-film-kodak-ektachrome-64
  3. ↑ http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/e27/e27.pdf
  4. ↑ Archived November 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ↑ Calhoun, John (April 2006). "The ASC -- American Cinematographer: Cop vs. Robber". American Cinematographer. American Society of Cinematographers. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
  6. ↑ Archived January 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ↑ "KODAK EKTACHROME 100D Color Reversal : Film 5285 / 7285 Discontinued" (PDF). Motion.kodak.com. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
  8. ↑ Bagby, Robert (1961). Anscochrome and Ektachrome Home Processing. AmPhoto. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  9. ↑ The New York Times:"News Along Camera Row", February 9, 1947.
  10. ↑ "Early Kodak Ektachrome". Photomemorabilia.co.uk. 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
  11. ↑ The New York Times: "A Faster Color Film", January 2, 1955.
  12. ↑ Popular Photography: "Tools and techniques: 35mm & Bantam Ektachrome", March 1955.
  13. ↑ The New York Times: "Ektachrome in 120-620 Announced by Kodak ", July 3, 1955.
  14. ↑ The New York Times: "One Solution Processing is Theme of New Volume". July 3, 1966.
  15. ↑ "KODAK EKTACHROME P1600 : Technical Data" (PDF). Kodak.com. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
  16. ↑ The New York Times: "Color Film Rated at 160 Announced by Kodak", March 29, 1959.
  17. ↑ The New York Times: "Photo Trade Show Opens", February 25, 1968.
  18. ↑ "Former Kodak Processing Plant Property : Voluntary Cleanup Program" (PDF). Mde.state.md.us. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
  19. ↑ "KODAK PROCESSING LAB, 925 PAGE MILL RD, PALO ALTO, California (CA) - Company Profile". Start.cortera.com. 2014-06-26. Retrieved 2015-05-14.

External links

Official Kodak information

Processing of older Ektachrome films

Processes E-2, E-3 and E-4:

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