El pueblo unido jamás será vencido
"¡El pueblo unido, jamás será vencido!" (Spanish pronunciation: [el ˈpweβlo uˈniðo xaˈmas seˈɾa βenˈsiðo]; English: "The people united will never be defeated") is one of the most internationally renowned songs of the Nueva cancion chilena (New Chilean Song) movement. The music of the song was composed by Sergio Ortega and the text written by Quilapayún. The song was composed and recorded in June 1973.[1][2]
History
The song was initially composed as an anthem for the popular unity government, reflecting the spirit behind the mass mobilization of working-class people who in 1970 had elected Salvador Allende for the socialist transformation of Chile. During Allende's campaign El pueblo unido jamás será vencido was a frequent slogan.[3][4] The song was interpreted and recorded by a number of music groups shortly after it was composed and performed publicly by Sergio Ortega and Quilapayún. New Chilean Song music ensembles such as Vientos del Pueblo, Inti-illimani among others, made successful recordings of the song that filled the airways and the backgrounds of political rallies. After the U.S.-backed[5] September 11, 1973 Chilean coup the song became the anthem of the Chilean resistance against the Pinochet regime, both within Chile and among the community of Chilean exiles and their political allies abroad.
However, it was especially after Pinochet's September 1973 coup that the group Inti-Illimani (also from Chile) made it famous around the world.
During the course of time the song has been used in various protests around the world, most of which have no direct connection to the Chilean coup or Latin America. The lyrics have been adapted or translated into many languages.
Versions
- In a more militant version, the phrase El pueblo unido jamás será vencido is changed in the last verse to El pueblo armado jamás será aplastado — "The people armed will never be crushed".
- In Portugal, especially from 1974 to 1977, pro-democracy, populist, centrist and left-wing groups (especially communists) sang a song called Portugal Ressuscitado (Resurrected Portugal), written by Ary dos Santos and sung by Fernando Tordo and an accompanying chorus. The song was recorded immediately after the Carnation Revolution[6] with the famous encore Agora o Povo Unido nunca mais será vencido (Now the People United will never more be defeated).[7] The song, though, had only very small similarities with the tune of the Chilean song during most of its structure except during the similar encore, and no lyrical similarity besides the spirit of popular struggle and the similar catchphrase/slogan. The song and the slogan are still quite popular and part of Portuguese collective memory.[8][9][10]
- In Iran, the melody was used for a revolutionary song with Persian lyrics, entitled "Barpakhiz" (in English "Arise"),[11] with encore بر پا خیز، از جا کن، بنای کاخ دشمن! (Pronounced as Barpakhiz, az ja kan, banaye kakh-e doshman, Meaning: Arise, Demolish the Foundations of the Enemy's Palace!) by the Iranian leftist revolutionaries during the Revolution against the monarchy in 1979. The song has experienced a revival in popularity with the Iranian Green revolution as a rally and protest song.[12]
- In the Philippines, the song was loosely translated by the progressive band Patatag for their song "Awit ng Tagumpay" (which translates to "Song of Victory") with its Tagalog encore "Tibayin ang hanay, Gapiin ang Kaaway!" (Strengthen the ranks, destroy the oppressors). It is sung during demonstrations.[13] The Bagong Alyansang Makabayan also used its loosely Tagalog translation of the title as its motto: "Ang tao, ang bayan, ngayon ay lumalaban!"
- In 1975 Frederic Rzewski composed 36 piano variations on this song.
- In 1977, the German folk singer Hannes Wader released the song "El pueblo unido" on the live album "Hannes Wader singt Arbeiterlieder" recorded at a folk festival organized by the DKP newspaper Unsere Zeit.
- In 1979, "The People United Will Never Be Defeated!" was chanted at the White Night riots after the sentencing of former San Francisco supervisor Dan White in the murders of George Moscone and Harvey Milk. White only served 5 years of a 7-year sentence.
- In 1982, the American bassist Charlie Haden recorded a version with Carla Bley and the Liberation Music Orchestra on the album Ballad of the Fallen which was voted top jazz album of the year in Downbeat's 1984 critics' poll.
- In 1983, during the "Resistance March" (Marcha de la resistencia) in Argentina, the song was revived with the lyrics "Resulta indispensable, aparicion con vida y castigo a los culpables" ("It's essential that they return the disappeared, and that the guilty be punished"). The song was still being sung in the 2000s in Argentina with the disappearance of Julio Lopez.
- In 1995 the Hungarian Ska group Szabad Idők (Free Times) released the song "El Pueblo Unido" on their album Vivan Los Zapatistas!. El Pueblo Unido included lyrics inspired by the Chilean song.
- In 2002 Russian singer Garik Sukachev used the phrase in his song "Svobodu Anjele Davis" ("freedom for Angela Davis").
- In 2002 the group Ska-p released the song "Estampida" on their album ¡¡Que Corra La Voz!!. Estampida included lyrics inspired by the Chilean song.
- In 2004 Ukrainian rap band GreenJolly paraphrased this song to create "Razom nas bahato" ("Together We Are Many") during the first days of Orange Revolution. This song was the Ukraine's entry at the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest.
- In 2007, during the Greek general elections, the song was used during the main campaign of the left party SYRIZA (Coalition of the Radical Left) and it figured on the party's televised message.
- In 2008, Thievery Corporation released "El pueblo unido" on the album Radio Retaliation, which is based on this quote.
- In the protests in Tunis in 2010 and 2011 that lead to the ousting of president Ben Ali, protesters chanted on the same rhythm the phrase "الشعب يريد إسقاط النظام" which translates to "The people want the regime down". The same phrase was chanted for the first time in Tahrir square in Egypt on 25 January 2011 in what turned into massive protests that lead to the ousting of president Hosni Mubarak.
- The 2013 song "Control" by Big Sean featuring Kendrick Lamar and Jay Electronica samples an adolescent version of the phrase.
- The 2015 song El Pueblo Unido by Austrian ska-punk band Russkaja uses the line from original song in chorus.
See also
References
- ↑ "Frederic Rzewski: The People United Will Never Be Defeated!". New Albion Records. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ↑ "LA NUEVA CANCIÓN CHILENA by José Manuel García". Cancioneros.com. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
- ↑ Corvalán, Luis (2003) El gobierno de Salvador Allende, pp.111-2
- ↑ Wessel, Günther (2002) Los Allende: con ardiente paciencia por un mundo mejor, pp.102-3
- ↑ Kornbluh, Peter (2006-12-12). "PINOCHET: A Declassified Documentary Obit". gwu.edu. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
- ↑ Fernando Tordo - Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
- ↑ Portugal Ressuscitado - 1977 - 25 Canções de Abril on YouTube
- ↑ O Povo está desunido, por isso é facilmente vencido...
- ↑ Segunda-feira, 16 de Julho de 2007, Está completamente apanhado!, Tubarão blog
- ↑ Recanto das Letras, Cenas de Um Sonho, 09/02/2009 06h54 comment
- ↑ Barpakhiz_Shabahang.wmv on YouTube
- ↑ Bar Pa Khiz بر پا خيز on YouTube
- ↑ Awit ng Tagumpay (Victory Song) on YouTube