Eldad and Medad

Eldad and Medad are mentioned in the Book of Numbers, and are described as having prophesied among the Israelites, despite the fact that they had remained in the camp, while 70 elders had gone to the tabernacle outside the camp to receive the ability to prophesy from God.^[1] According to the narrative, Joshua asked Moses to forbid Eldad and Medad from prophecy, but Moses argued that it was a good thing that others could prophesy, and that ideally all the Israelites would prophesy.^[2]

In rabbinical tradition, Eldad and Medad are said to have predicted a war with Gog and Magog, with the king from Magog uniting the non-Jews and launching war in Palestine against the Jews, but these non-Jews being defeated and slain by fire from the Throne of God.^[3][4] Some classical rabbinical literature argues that the non-Jews would be at the mercy of the Jewish Messiah;^[5] such Messianic connections of Eldad and Medad also circulated among early Christian groups, and a particularly popular discussion of such prophecy was even quoted in the apocryphal Shepherd of Hermas.^[6]

According to biblical scholars, the real purpose of the story was to indicate that prophecy was not restricted to a select few people.^[7] However, the text states that Eldad and Medad were of them that were written down,^[8] making them less representative of the general population, although some textual scholars believe that this is a gloss added to the original Elohist^[7][9] account, by a later editor who objected to the idea that anyone could become a prophet.^[7] The names themselves are hence unimportant to the point of the story, and may have been chosen simply for the sake of assonance;^[7] they seem to refer to dad, suggesting polytheism and/or a non-Israelite origin:

• if the names are Hebrew, then dad could mean paternal uncle, with Eldad thus meaning God is the brother of my father or El is the brother of my father,^[7] and Medad meaning (one who is) of my father's brother
• if the names are Assyrian, then dad could be a corruption of daddu, meaning beloved, with Eldad thus meaning God is beloved or El is beloved,^[7] and Medad meaning object of affection
• if the names are Akkadian, then dad could be a corruption of Adad, the name of a deity known to the Aramaeans as Hadad, with Eldad thus meaning El is Hadad or Hadad is God,^[7] and Medad meaning (one who is) of Hadad

Notes and citations

1. Numbers 11:24-26
2. Numbers 11:27-29
3. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Numbers 11:26
4. Sanhedrin 17a
5. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Numbers 11:26
6. Hermas (visions):2:3
7. Cheyne and Black, Encyclopedia Biblica
8. Numbers 11:26
9. Peake's commentary on the Bible