Elias omega coding

Elias omega coding is a universal code encoding the positive integers developed by Peter Elias. Like Elias gamma coding and Elias delta coding, it works by prefixing the integer with a representation of its order of magnitude in a universal code. Unlike those other two codes, however, Elias omega recursively encodes that prefix; thus, they are sometimes known as recursive Elias codes.

Omega coding is used in applications where the largest encoded value is not known ahead of time, or to compress data in which small values are much more frequent than large values.

To code a number N:

1. Place a "0" at the end of the code.
2. If N=1, stop; encoding is complete.
3. Prepend the binary representation of N to the beginning of the code. This will be at least two bits, the first bit of which is a 1.
4. Let N equal the number of bits just prepended, minus one.
5. Return to step 2 to prepend the encoding of the new N.

To decode an Elias omega-coded integer:

1. Start with a variable N, set to a value of 1.
2. If the next bit is a "0", stop. The decoded number is N.
3. If the next bit is a "1", then read it plus N more bits, and use that binary number as the new value of N. Go back to step 2.

Examples

Omega codes can be thought of as a number of "groups". A group is either a single 0 bit, which terminates the code, or two or more bits beginning with 1, which is followed by another group.

The first few codes are shown below. Included is the so-called implied distribution, describing the distribution of values for which this coding yields a minimum-size code; see Relationship of universal codes to practical compression for details.

Value	Code	Implied distribution
1	0	1/2
2	10 0	1/8
3	11 0	1/8
4	10 100 0	1/64
5	10 101 0	1/64
6	10 110 0	1/64
7	10 111 0	1/64
8	11 1000 0	1/128
9	11 1001 0	1/128
10	11 1010 0	1/128
11	11 1011 0	1/128
12	11 1100 0	1/128
13	11 1101 0	1/128
14	11 1110 0	1/128
15	11 1111 0	1/128
16	10 100 10000 0	1/2048
17	10 100 10001 0	1/2048
...
100	10 110 1100100 0	1/8192
1000	11 1001 1111101000 0	1/131,072
10,000	11 1100 10011100010000 0	1/2,097,152
100,000	10 100 10000 11000011010100000 0	1/268,435,456
1,000,000	10 100 10011 11110100001001000000 0	1/2,147,483,648

The encoding for 1 googol, 10¹⁰⁰, is 11 1000 101001100 (15 bits of length header) followed by the 333-bit binary representation of 1 googol, which is 10010 01001001 10101101 00100101 10010100 11000011 01111100 11101011 00001011 00100111 10000100 11000100 11001110 00001011 11110011 10001010 11001110 01000000 10001110 00100001 00011010 01111100 10101010 10110010 01000011 00001000 10101000 00101110 10001111 00010000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 and a trailing 0, for a total of 349 bits.

A googol to the hudredth power (10¹⁰⁰⁰⁰) is a 33220-bit binary number. Its omega encoding is 33243 bits long: 11 1111 1000000111000100 (22 bits), followed by 33220 bits of the value, and a trailing 0. Under Elias delta coding, the same number is 33250 bits long: 000000000000000 1000000111000100 (31 bits) followed by 33219 bits of the value. As log₂(10¹⁰⁰⁰⁰) = 33219.28, so in this instance, omega and delta coding are, respectively, only 0.07% and 0.09% longer than optimal.

Example code

Encoding

void eliasOmegaEncode(char* source, char* dest)
{
    IntReader intreader(source);
    BitWriter bitwriter(dest);
    while (intreader.hasLeft())
    {
        int num = intreader.getInt();
        BitStack bits;
        while (num > 1) {
            int len = 0;
            for (int temp = num; temp > 0; temp >>= 1)  // calculate 1+floor(log2(num))
                len++;
            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
                bits.pushBit((num >> i) & 1);
            num = len - 1;
        }
        while (bits.length() > 0)
            bitwriter.putBit(bits.popBit());
        bitwriter.putBit(false);                        // write one zero
    }
    bitwriter.close();
    intreader.close();
}

Decoding

void eliasOmegaDecode(char* source, char* dest) {
    BitReader bitreader(source);
    IntWriter intwriter(dest);
    while (bitreader.hasLeft())
    {
        int num = 1;
        while (bitreader.inputBit())     // potentially dangerous with malformed files.
        {
            int len = num;
            num = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i)
            {
                num <<= 1;
                if (bitreader.inputBit())
                    num |= 1;
            }
        }
        intwriter.putInt(num);           // write out the value
    }
    bitreader.close();
    intwriter.close();
}

Generalizations

Elias omega coding does not code zero or negative integers. One way to code all non negative integers is to add 1 before coding and then subtract 1 after decoding. One way to code all integers is to set up a bijection, mapping integers all integers (0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, ...) to strictly positive integers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ...) before coding.

External links

• Peter Elias, "Universal codeword sets and representations of the integers", IEEE Trans. Information Theory 21(2):194-203, Mar 1975.
• Khalid Sayood, Lossless Compression Handbook, Elsevier, 2003. Section 3.6.
• Implementation in Python

See also

• Elias delta coding
• Elias gamma coding
• Even-Rodeh coding