Ellisdale Fossil Site

The Ellisdale Fossil Site is a fossil bed located near Ellisdale in the valley of the Crosswicks Creek, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States.

Ellisdale location

The site has produced the largest and most diverse fauna of Late Cretaceous terrestrial animals from eastern North America, including the type specimens of the teiid lizard Prototeius stageri^[1] and the batrachosauroidid salamander Parrisia neocesariensis.^[2] The site occurs within the basal portion of the Marshalltown Formation, and dates from the Campanian Stage of the Late Cretaceous.^[3] The site is classified as a Konzentrat-Lagerstätten resulting from a prehistoric coastal storm.^[4]

History of the discovery

The Ellisdale site was discovered in 1980 by two avocational paleontologists, Robert K. Denton Jr. and Robert C. O'Neill, who brought it to the attention of David C. Parris, the Director of the Bureau of Natural History at the New Jersey State Museum. Parris encouraged the two collectors to continue monitoring the site, and within a few years hundreds of disarticulated bones of dinosaurs, crocodilians, turtles and fish had been donated to the New Jersey State Museum, which is the repository for the collection.

View of Ellisdale Site

The significance of the Ellisdale Site was recognized by the National Geographic Society which sponsored research under Society grants in 1986 and 1987. To date over 20,000 specimens have been collected. The Ellisdale Site is currently owned by Monmouth County Park System and is under the management of the New Jersey State Museum. Fossil collecting by the general public is prohibited.

Geological setting

The Ellisdale site occurs within the basal portion of the Marshalltown Formation, of the Late Cretaceous Matawan Group of New Jersey. The exposures of the Marshalltown Formation at Ellisdale have basal lenticular bedded estuarine clays underlain by crossbedded coastal sands of the Englishtown Formation. The estuarine clays are overlain by well-sorted, crossbedded sand and offshore glauconites, respectively. The entire sequence is interpreted as preserving the landward migration of a barrier beach/backbay/estuarine/deltaic complex during the Marshalltown transgression. Vertebrate fossils are concentrated with rip-up clasts near the base of the estuarine clay sequence in a lag deposit consisting of siderite pebbles, poorly graded sand, and lignite. The fossil layer is considered a single-event storm deposit based on sedimentology and stratigraphy.^[5] The upper (marine) member of the Marshalltown was formerly considered latest Campanian in age, due to the presence of the foraminifer Globotruncana calcarata;^[6] however the G. calcarata zone has since been redated as Middle Campanian in age (75-76 ma).^[7] A recent study of fossil pollen from the estuarine strata enclosing the fossil layer has determined an Early to Mid-Campanian age for the stratum (76 - 80 ma) and a fresh or brackish water tidal marsh environment of deposition.^[8]

Paleoecology and taphonomy

Remains of animals from at least four paleoenvironments are represented at the Ellisdale Site: marine, lagoonal/backbay, estuarine/freshwater, and terrestrial. Mixed faunal assemblages of this type are typically associated with transgressive lag deposits, and result from the slow accumulation of transported skeletal remains in tidal channels, backbays, and lagoons. Wave action and storms relocated the bones of marine animals to shallow water, while river currents and flooding events transported and deposited the remains of freshwater and upland terrestrial animals such as crocodilians and dinosaurs.

Megafossils of at least three different types of plants have been found at the site: Liriodendron, Metasequoia, and Picea. In addition, possible remains of Mangrove roots have been found encased in siderite concretions. Amber has been found at the site occurring in small droplets, generally less than 5 millimeters in size.

Taphonomic analysis of the Ellisdale fauna^[9] has revealed two distinctly different types of preservation. Bones of both marine and upland terrestrial animals are typically broken, heavily worn, and missing the outermost layer of bone (periosteum). Some bones show evidence of boring by the marine shipworm Teredo. In contrast, the bones of microvertebrates such as amphibians, lizards and mammals are much more complete, with delicate processes and the periosteum intact.

The small animal fauna of the site probably represents a "proximal" assemblage that lived at or near the final point of deposition, while the heavily worn bones represent a "distal" fauna.^[2] It is thought that the proximal fauna may have lived within a freshwater deltaic estuary that was affected by a coastal storm surge or a possible tsunami.^[4] The presence of numerous well-preserved amphibian fossils support the idea that the environment was freshwater, as amphibians are salt-intolerant.^[2] The disarticulated bones which accumulated in the lagoonal backbays by river transport, and in the shallow marine environment offshore, would have been mixed with the skeletal remains of the animals that lived within the delta as the storm surge swept over the estuary. Return flooding from the overfilled lagoons and estuarine channels after the storm's passage would have subsequently filled with debris, resulting in the mixed assemblage of animal and plant remains that are found at the site today.

Faunal list

^[1][2][3]

Chondrichthyes

Selachimorpha

Hybodus sp.
Lonchidion sp.
cf. Paranomotodon angustidens
Pseudocorax granti
Squalicorax kaupi
Cretolamna appendiculata lata
Cretodus arcuata
Cretodus borodini
Scapanorhynchus texanus
Odontaspis samhammeri
Synodontaspis holmdelensis
Squatina hassei

Batoidea

Ischyrhiza mira
cf. Sclerorhynchus sp.
Ptychotrygon vermiculata
Ptychotrygon hooveri
Borodinopristis sp.
Rhombodus levis
Brachyrhizodus wichitaensis
Pseudohypolophus sp.
Protoplatyrhina sp.

Chimaeriformes

Ischyodus bifurcatus

Osteichthyes

Acipenser sp.
Amia cf. fragosa
Atractosteus occidentalis
Anomoeodus sp.
Pycnodontidae indet.
Paralbula casei
Albula sp.
Xiphactinus vetus
Enchodus petrosus
cf. Platacodon sp.
cf. Cimolichthyes sp.

Amphibia

Caudata

Parrisia neocesariensis
Sirenidae indet.
cf. Habrosaurus sp.

Anura

Hylidae indet.
cf. Eopelobates sp.
cf. Discoglossus sp.

Reptilia

Chelonii

Adocus beatus
Apalone sp.
Bothremys barberi
Baenidae indet.
Corsochelys sp.

Lacertilia

Prototeius stageri
cf. Haptosphenus sp.
Iguanidae indet.
Xenosauridae indet.
Helodermatidae indet.
Anguinae indet.
Necrosauridae indet.
cf. Halisaurus sp.

Crocodilia

Borealosuchus threensis
cf. Brachychampsa sp.
Deinosuchus sp.

Dinosauria

Saurischia

Dryptosaurus sp.
cf. Dromaeosauridae indet.
Theropoda indet.

Ornithischia

Hadrosauridae indet.

Mammalia

Multituberculata

Cimolomyidae indet.
cf. Mesodma sp.
cf. Cimolodon sp.
Cimolodontidae indet.

Metatheria

Stagodontidae indet.

Eutheria

cf. Soricomorpha indet.

Significance

During Late Cretaceous times, the North American Continent was divided by an inland sea into two subcontinents: a western continent now known as "Laramidia", and an eastern continent named "Appalachia".^[10][11][12] Although a rich and diverse assemblage of taxa has been found from Laramidia, little is known of the contemporaneous terrestrial fauna of the Appalachian subcontinent. The Ellisdale Site has provided the first detailed look at the terrestrial fauna of Appalachia, including the rare fossil remains of frogs, salamanders, lizards and mammals.^[3]

It has been suggested that land animals may have migrated between Laramidia and Appalachia, and possibly even the European Archipelago, throughout the Late Cretaceous;^[13] however the presence of an endemic "Ellisdalean" land fauna does not support this hypothesis.^[1][2][14] The Ellisdale fauna together with geological data suggest that eastern North America was an isolated continent from the Turonian Stage of the Late Cretaceous onward, and thus may have become a refugium for relatively underived Early Cretaceous taxa that underwent vicariant speciation.^[10][15] If dispersal to the European archipelago did take place via a North Atlantic route, it could not have happened until near the close of the Cretaceous Period, based on paleogeographic and paleontologic studies.^[16]

Sources

1. Denton Jr., R. K. and R. C. O'Neill. 1995. Prototeius stageri, gen. et sp. nov., a new teiid lizard from the Upper Cretaceous Marshalltown Formation of New Jersey, with a preliminary phylogenetic revision of the Teiidae.Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15(2):235-253
2. Denton Jr., R. K. and R. C. O'Neill. 1998. Parrisia neocesariensis, a new batrachosauroidid salamander and other amphibians from the Campanian of eastern North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(3):484-494
3. B. S. Grandstaff, D. C. Parris, R. K. Denton, Jr. and W. B. Gallagher. 1992. Alphadon (Marsupialia) and Multituberculata (Allotheria) in the Cretaceous of eastern North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12(2):217-222
4. Denton, R. K. Jr, O'Neill, R. C., and B. S. Grandstaff. 2004.The Appearance of Atlantic Coastal Storms, Evidence from the Ellisdale Dinosaur Site, Campanian (Late Cretaceous) of New Jersey. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 36, No. 2, p. 117
5. Tashjian, P. 1990. The Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of a Fossiliferous Layer in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian), Englishtown/Marshalltown Formations near Ellisdale, N. J. Master's Thesis, Temple University, Philadelphia PA. 186pp
6. Petters, S. W. 1976, Upper Cretaceous subsurface stratigraphy of Atlantic Coastal Plain of NJ. Amer. Assoc. of Petr. Geo. Bull. 60:87-106.
7. Caron, M., 1985, Cretaceous Planktonic Foramanifera in Plankton Stratigraphy, Cambridge Univ. Press.
8. personal comm., 2011, Ray Christopher.
9. Parris, D.C., Grandstaff, B. S., Denton Jr., R. K., Gallagher, W. B., DeTample, C., Albright, S. S., Spamer, E., and D. Baird, 1986, Taphonomy of the Ellisdale Dinosaur Site, Cretaceous of New Jersey. Final Report on National Geographic Grant 3299-86.
10. Archibald, J.D., 1996, Dinosaur Extinction and the End of an Era: What the Fossils Say: New York, Columbia University Press, 237 p.r
11. Scotese, C. R., Gahagan, L. M., and Larson, R. L., 1989, Plate tectonic reconstructions of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic ocean basins,in Scotese, C. R. and Sager, W.W. (eds.), Mesozoic and Cenozoic plate reconstructions, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 27-48
12. Blakey, R. 2010, Regional Paleogeographic Maps, NAU Geology. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/regionaltext.html
13. Martin JE, Case JA, Jagt JWM, Schulp AS, Mulder EWA (2005) A new European marsupial indicates a Late Cretaceous high latitude dispersal route. Mammal. Evol. 12:495-511.
14. Denton, R. K. Jr., & O’Neill, R. C., 2008, A Revision of the Squamate Fauna of the Ellisdale Dinosaur Site, Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Marshalltown Formation of New Jersey. Jour. Vert. Paleo. 28(3) supp.
15. Denton, R. K. Jr., & O’Neill, R. C., 2010, A New Stagodontid Metatherian from the Campanian of New Jersey and its implications for a lack of east-west dispersal routes in the Late Cretaceous of North America. Jour. Vert. Paleo. 30(3) supp.
16. Le Loeuff, J., 1991, The Campano-Maastrichtian vertebrate faunas of southern Europe and their relationship with other faunas in the world; paleobiogeographic implications. Cretaceous Res., 12(2), pp:93-114.