Elmer Gantry
 First edition cover | |
| Author | Sinclair Lewis |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Harcourt Trade Publishers |
Publication date | March 1927 |
| Pages | 432 |
| OCLC | 185039547 |
Elmer Gantry is a novel written by Sinclair Lewis in 1926 (published in 1927) that satirically represents aspects of the religious activity of America within fundamentalist and evangelistic circles and the attitudes of the 1920s public toward it. This ferocious satire by Lewis deals with fanatical religiosity and hypocrisy in the United States during the 1920s by presenting a preacher (the Reverend Dr. Elmer Gantry) who starts by preferring booze, easy money (though eventually renouncing tobacco and alcohol) and chasing women. After various forays into evangelism, he becomes a successful Methodist minister despite his hypocrisy and serial sexual indiscretions.[1]
Elmer Gantry was first published in the United States by Harcourt Trade Publishers in March 1927 and was dedicated by Lewis to the American journalist and satirist H. L. Mencken.
Background
Lewis performed research for the novel by observing the work of various preachers in Kansas City in his so-called "Sunday School" meetings on Wednesdays. He first worked with William L. "Big Bill" Stidger (not Burris Jenkins), pastor of the Linwood Boulevard Methodist Episcopal Church in Kansas City, Missouri. Stidger introduced Lewis to many other clergymen, among them the Reverend Leon Milton Birkhead, a Unitarian and an agnostic. Lewis preferred the liberal Birkhead to the conservative Stidger, and on his second visit to Kansas City, Lewis chose Birkhead as his guide. Other Kansas City ministers Lewis interviewed included Burris Jenkins, Earl Blackman, I. M. Hargett, Bert Fiske, and Robert Nelson Horatio Spencer, who was rector of a large Episcopal parish, Grace and Holy Trinity Church, which is now the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of West Missouri.[2][3]
The character of Sharon Falconer was loosely based on elements in the career of the Canadian-born American radio evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, who founded the Pentecostal Christian denomination known as the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel in 1927.
Synopsis
The novel tells the story of a young, narcissistic, womanizing college athlete who abandons his early ambition to become a lawyer. The legal profession does not suit the unethical Gantry. After college, he attends a Baptist seminary and is ordained as a Baptist minister. While managing to cover up certain sexual indiscretions, he is thrown out of the seminary before completing his BD because he is too drunk to turn up at a church where he is supposed to preach. After several years as a travelling salesman of farm equipment, he becomes manager for Sharon Falconer, an itinerant evangelist. Gantry becomes her lover, but loses both her and his position when she is killed in a fire at her new tabernacle. After this catastrophe, he briefly acts as a "New Thought" evangelist, and eventually becomes a Methodist minister. He marries well and eventually obtains a large congregation in Lewis' fictional Midwestern city of Zenith. During his career, Gantry contributes to the downfall, physical injury, and even death of key people around him, including a sincere minister, Frank Shallard, who is plagued by doubt. Especially ironic are the way he champions love, an emotion he seems incapable of, in his sermons, preaches against ambition, when he himself is so patently ambitious, and organizes crusades against (mainly sexual) immorality, while he has difficulty resisting temptation in this direction himself (and indeed, normally gives in to temptation).
Reception
Mark Schorer, then of the University of California, Berkeley, notes: "The forces of social good and enlightenment as presented in Elmer Gantry are not strong enough to offer any real resistance to the forces of social evil and banality." Schorer also says that, while researching the book, Lewis attended two or three church services every Sunday while in Kansas City, and that: "He took advantage of every possible tangential experience in the religious community." The result is a novel that satirically represents the religious activity of America in evangelistic circles and the attitudes of the 1920s toward it.
On publication in 1927, Elmer Gantry created a public furor. The book was banned in Boston and other cities and denounced from pulpits across the United States.[4] One cleric suggested that Lewis should be imprisoned for five years, and there were also threats of physical violence against the author. Evangelist Billy Sunday called Lewis "Satan's cohort".[5] Elmer Gantry ranked as the number one fiction bestseller of 1927, according to "Publisher's Weekly".
Shortly after the publication of Elmer Gantry, H. G. Wells published a widely-syndicated newspaper article called "The New American People", in which he largely based his observations of American culture on Lewis' novels.
Elmer Gantry also appears as a minor character in two later, lesser-known Lewis novels: The Man Who Knew Coolidge and Gideon Planish.
Adaptations
There have been five adaptations of the novel.
- A Broadway play by Patrick Kearney opened on 7 August 1928 at the Playhouse Theatre, where it ran for 48 performances. The cast included Edward J. Pawley (later of Big Town fame) as Elmer Gantry and Vera Allen as Sister Sharon Falconer.
- The 1960 film of the same name starred Burt Lancaster as Gantry and Jean Simmons as Sister Sharon Falconer.
- A 1970 Broadway musical adaptation, titled Gantry, opened and closed on the same night, February 14, 1970.
- In 1998, Richard Rossi appeared on stage in his own adaptation of Elmer Gantry, in which he wrote, produced, and starred. His stage performance resulted in an offer to Rossi to play the role in a new film version.[6][7][8][9]
- In November 2007, an opera, also titled Elmer Gantry, by Robert Aldridge and Herschel Garfein premiered in the James K. Polk Theater in Nashville.[10]
References
- ↑ "Elmer Gantry". Gutenberg.net.au. 1920-01-12. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
- ↑ "Elmer Gantry, a Flawed Preacher for the Ages". NPR. 2008-02-22. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
- ↑ William Vance Trollinger. "God's Empire: William Bell Riley and Midwestern Fundamentalism". Books.google.com. p. 3. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
- ↑ ""Banned in Boston": selected sources. » BU Libraries | Boston University". Bu.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
- ↑ "The Censorship Crusade: A Story For Banned Books Week | Americans United". Au.org. 2014-09-22. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
- ↑ "The Herald, Sharon, Pa". .sharonherald.com. 1999-04-06. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
- ↑ "Hallelujah for Hollywood!". LATimes.com. Los Angeles Times. 1999-05-15. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
- ↑ "Finding Sister Aimee". East Valley Tribune. 2005-08-27. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
- ↑ Armstrong, Chris (2005-01-01). "Aimee Semple McPherson". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
- ↑ Green, Jesse (2008-01-20). "Behold! An Operatic Miracle". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
Bibliography
- John Tyler Blake, "Sinclair Lewis's Kansas City Laboratory: The Genesis of Elmer Gantry". Ann Arbor: UMI, 1999.
- Robert Gibson Corder, Ph.D., "Edward J. Pawley: Broadway's Elmer Gantry, Radio's Steve Wilson, and Hollywood's Perennial Bad Guy", Outskirts Press, 2006.
- Nelson Manfred Blake, "How to Learn History from Sinclair Lewis and Other Uncommon Sources", American Character and Culture in a Changing World: Some Twentieth-Century Perspectives, ed. John A. Hague. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979. 111–23.
- Wheeler Dixon, "Cinematic Adaptations of the Works of Sinclair Lewis", Sinclair Lewis at 100: Papers Presented at a Centennial Conference., ed. Michael Connaughton. St. Cloud, MN: St. Cloud State University, 1985, pp. 191–200.
- Robert J. Higgs. "Religion and Sports: Three Muscular Christians in American Literature", American Sport Culture: The Humanistic Dimensions ed. Wiley Lee Umphlett. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1985, pp. 226–34.
- James M. Hutchisson, The Rise of Sinclair Lewis, 1920–1930 University Park: Penn State University Press, 1996.
- George Killough, "Elmer Gantry, Chaucer's Pardoner, and the Limits of Serious Words". Sinclair Lewis: New Essays in Criticism. Ed. James M. Hutchisson. Troy, New York: Whitston, 1997. 162–74.
- Richard R. Lingeman, Sinclair Lewis: Rebel from Main Street, Minnesota Historical Society Press, June 2005, ISBN 978-0-87351-541-2.
- Edward A. Martin, "The Mimic as Artist: Sinclair Lewis". H.L. Mencken and the Debunkers. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984. 115–38.
- Gary H. Mayer, "Love is More Than the Evening Star: A Semantic Analysis of Elmer Gantry and The Man Who Knew Coolidge", American Bypaths: Essays in Honor of E. Hudson Long. Ed. Robert G. Collmer and Jack W. Herring. Waco: Baylor University Press, 1980. 145–66.
- James Benedict Moore, "The Sources of Elmer Gantry". The New Republic 143 (8 August 1960): 17–18.
- Edward J. Piacentino, "Babbittry Southern Style: T. S. Stribling's Unfinished Cathedral". Markham Review 10 (1981): 36–39.
- Elizabeth S. Prioleau, "The Minister and the Seductress in American Fiction: The Adamic Myth Reduz", Journal of American Culture 16.4 (1993): 1–6.
- Mark Schorer, Sinclair Lewis: An American Life, 1961, McGraw-Hill.OCLC 288825.
- Mark Schorer, "Afterword", Elmer Gantry, Signet Books edition, 1970.
- Edward Shillito, "Elmer Gantry and the Church in America", Nineteenth Century and After 101 (1927): 739–48.
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