Energy density Extended Reference Table

This is extended version of energy density table from the main page energy density:

Energy densities table
Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary Antimatter 89,875,517,874 depends on density
Deuterium-tritium fusion576,000,000
Uranium-235 used in nuclear weapons144,000,0001,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor 86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light water reactor3,456,000 30%
Pu-238 α-decay2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer1,326,00017,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light water reactor443,000 30%
Ta-180m isomer41,340689,964
Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate)33
Metallic Hydrogen (recombination energy) 216[1]
Lithium-air battery (battery) 43.2
Beryllium + Oxygen23.9[2]
Lithium + Fluorine23.75
Hydrogen + Oxygen13.43
Octaazacubane potential explosive22.9[3]
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive8.5[4]16.9[5]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive7[6]
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)6.912.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed6.6
Nitroglycerin6.38[7]10.2[8]
ANFO-ANNM6.26
Octogen (HMX)5.7[7]10.8[9]
TNT [Kinney, G.F.; K.J. Graham (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-15147-8.]4.6106.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)4.1320.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer)4.0018.4
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)2.73.8
battery, Lithium ion nanowire2.54 95%[10]
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)[11] 2.5
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8°C 1.9680.708
Kinetic energy penetrator 1.930
battery, Fluoride ion 1.72.8
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell[12] 1.62
Hydrazine(toxic) decomposition (as monopropellant)1.61.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)1.42.5
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt1 98%[13]
Molecular spring approximate1
battery, Sodium Sulfur .72[14]1.23 85%[15]
battery, Lithium-manganese[16][17] 0.83-1.01 1.98-2.09
battery, Lithium ion[18][19] 0.46-0.72 0.83-3.6[20] 95%[21]
battery, Lithium Sulphur[22] 1.80[23] 1.80
battery (Sodium Nickel Chloride), High Temperature0.56
battery, Silver-oxide[16] 0.47 1.8
Flywheel0.36-0.5[24][25]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet 0.4 3.2
battery, Nickel metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[26]0.41.55
battery, Zinc-manganese (alkaline), long life design[16][18] 0.4-0.59 1.15-1.43
Liquid Nitrogen 0.349
Water - Enthalpy of Fusion 0.3340.334
battery, Zinc Bromine flow (ZnBr)[27]0.27
battery, Nickel metal hydride (NiMH), High Power design as used in cars[28]0.2500.493
battery, Nickel cadmium (NiCd)[18] 0.14 1.08 80%[21]
battery, Zinc-Carbon[18] 0.13 0.331
battery, Lead acid[18] 0.14 0.36
battery, Vanadium redox0.090.1188 70-75%
battery, Vanadium Bromide redox0.180.252 80%–90%[29]
Capacitor Ultracapacitor0.0199[30] 0.050
Capacitor Supercapacitor0.01 80%–98.5%[31] 39%–70%[31]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage 0.008[32] >95%
Capacitor0.002[33]
Neodymium magnet 0.003[34]
Ferrite magnet 0.0003[34]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring0.0003[35] 0.0006
Storage type Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) Energy density by volume (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes

  1. ↑ http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/215/1/012194/pdf/1742-6596_215_1_012194.pdf
  2. ↑ "The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide1 - Journal of the American Chemical Society (ACS Publications)". Pubs.acs.org. 2002-05-01. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  3. ↑ "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?† - Inorganic Chemistry (ACS Publications)". Pubs.acs.org. 1996-05-28. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  4. ↑ http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122324589/abstract
  5. ↑ Octanitrocubane
  6. ↑ http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109618256/abstract
  7. 1 2 "Chemical Explosives". Fas.org. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  8. ↑ Nitroglycerin
  9. ↑ HMX
  10. ↑ "Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery". News-service.stanford.edu. 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  11. ↑ "Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries". Nexergy. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  12. ↑ "The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell". Llnl.gov. 1994-12-01. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  13. ↑ "Technology". SolarReserve. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  14. ↑ "New battery could change world, one house at a time". Heraldextra.com. 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  15. ↑ "Energy Citations Database (ECD) - - Document #5960185". Osti.gov. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  16. 1 2 3 "ProCell Lithium battery chemistry". Duracell. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  17. ↑ "Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries". corrosion-doctors.org. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 "Battery energy storage in various battery types". AllAboutBatteries.com. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  19. ↑ A typically available lithium ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg
  20. ↑ "Lithium Batteries". Retrieved 2010-07-02.
  21. 1 2 Justin Lemire-Elmore (2004-04-13). "The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles" (PDF). p. 7. Retrieved 2009-02-26. Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries
  22. ↑ "Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet" (PDF). Sion Power, Inc. 2005-09-28.
  23. ↑ Kolosnitsyn, V.S.; E.V. Karaseva (2008). "Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions". Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer: 506–509. doi:10.1134/s1023193508050029.
  24. ↑ Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel
  25. ↑ "Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage". Product Design & Development. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
  26. ↑ Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008
  27. ↑ "ZBB Energy Corp". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. 75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram
  28. ↑ High Energy Metal Hydride Battery
  29. ↑ "Microsoft Word - V-FUEL COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGY SHEET 2008.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  30. ↑ "Maxwell Technologies: Ultracapacitors - BCAP3000". Maxwell.com. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  31. 1 2 http://www2.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdf
  32. ↑ Archived February 16, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mpj01/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node9.html
  34. 1 2 http://www.askmar.com/Magnets/Promising%20Magnet%20Applications.pdf
  35. ↑ "Garage Door Springs". Garagedoor.org. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
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