Geography of Djibouti

Geography of Djibouti
Continent	Africa
Region	Horn of Africa
Area	Ranked 150th
• Total	23,200 km^2 (9,000 sq mi)
Coastline	314 km (195 mi)
Borders	510 km  Ethiopia 337 km  Eritrea 113 km  Somalia 60 km
Highest point	Mousa Ali Volcano 2,028 m
Lowest point	Lac Assal, −155 m

Djibouti is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. To the east is its coastline on the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Rainfall is sparse, and most of the territory has a semi-arid or arid environment. Djibouti's major settlements include the capital Djibouti City, the port towns of Tadjoura and Obock, and the southern cities of Ali Sabieh and Dikhil. It is the 151st largest country in the world by land area, covering a total of 23,200 km², of which 23,180 km² is land and 20 km² is water.^[1]

Location

Djibouti shares 125 kilometres (78 mi) of border with Eritrea, 342 kilometres (213 mi) with Ethiopia, and 61 kilometres (38 mi) with Somalia (total 528 km or 328 mi). It has a strategic location on the Horn of Africa and the Bab el Mandeb, along a route through the Red Sea and Suez Canal. Djibouti's coastline serves as a commercial gateway between the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn region's interior. The country is also the terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia.

Physiographic regions

Djibouti can be divided into three physiographic regions

1. The Northern Mountains
2. Danakil Depression
3. Grand Bara

The Goda Mountains

Mountains

A great arc of mountains, consisting of the Mousa Ali, Goda Mountains, and Arrei Mountains surrounds Djibouti.

Djibouti has eight mountain ranges with peaks of over 1,000 m (3,281 ft).^[2]

• The Mousa Ali range is considered the country's highest mountain range, with the tallest peak on the border with Ethiopia and Eritrea. It has an elevation of 2,028 m.^[2]
• The Goda Mountains lie northwest of the Gulf of Tadjoura in Tadjoura Region. They rise to 1,750 m (5,740 ft) above sea level and are the nation's largest heavily vegetated area.
• Garbi is a mountain in the west of Tadjourah Region. It has an elevation of 1680 metres (5,512 ft).
• The Arrei Mountains are in the southern Ali Sabieh Region. The mountain range has an elevation of 1,301 metres (4,268 ft) above sea level, and is situated near the border with Ethiopia.
• The Mabla Mountains are located in Obock Region. At 1780 m (5850 ft) above sea level, the mountains are situated behind the coastal plain where the Red Sea meets the Gulf of Aden, on the northern side of the Gulf of Tadjoura.
• The Dagouein Mountain sit at an elevation of 1,124 m (3,688 ft) above sea level.
• Hemed is a mountain in the western part of the Arta Region in south-central Djibouti. The summit is 1,103 metres (3,619 ft) above sea level.
• The Boura Mountains' highest peak has an elevation of 1037 m (3,402 ft. The ecology of this landform is semi-desert. The altitude and size of the range affects its weather, with precipitation levels varying greatly and climatic conditions consisting of distinct zones.

Grand Bara

Grand Bara Desert

The Grand Bara Desert covers parts of South Djibouti in Arta Region, Ali Sabieh Region and Dikhil Region. The majority of the Grand Bara Desert lies at a relatively low elevation, below 1,700 feet (560 m). Home of the popular Grand Bara footrace.

Coasts

Most of Djibouti has been described as part of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion. The exception is a strip along the Red Sea coast, which is part of the Eritrean coastal desert; it is noted as an important migration route for birds of prey.^[3]

Djibouti Regions

The area of the regions of Djibouti is set out in the table below.

Map of the regions of Djibouti.

Rank	Name	Area
1	Dikhil Region	7,200 km²
2	Tadjourah Region	7,100 km²
3	Obock Region	4,700 km²
4	Ali Sabieh Region	2,200 km²
5	Arta Region	1,800 km²
6	Djibouti Region	200 km²

Climate

Topography of Djibouti

There is not much seasonal variation in Djibouti's climate. Hot conditions prevail year-round along with winter rainfall. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 32 to 41 °C (90 to 106 °F), except at high elevations. In Djibouti city, for instance, afternoon highs in April typically range from 28 °C (82 °F) to 34 °C (93 °F) in April. Nationally, mean daily minima generally vary between sites from about 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F). The greatest range in climate occurs in eastern Djibouti, where temperatures sometimes surpass 41 °C (106 °F) in July on the littoral plains and fall below freezing point during December in the highlands. In this region, relative humidity ranges from about 40% in the mid-afternoon to 85% at night, changing somewhat according to the season.

Djibouti's climate ranges from arid in the northeastern coastal regions to semiarid in the central, northern, western and southern parts of the country. On the eastern seaboard, annual rainfall is less than 5 inches (131 mm); in the central highlands, it is about 8 to 11 inches (200 to 300 mm). Although the coastal regions are hot and humid throughout the year, the hinterland is typically hot and dry. The climate conditions are highly variable within the country and vary locally by altitude. Summers are very humid along the coast but dry in the highlands. Heat waves are frequent. Annual precipitation amounts vary greatly from one year to another. In general, rain falls more frequently and extensively in the mountains. Sudden and brutal storms are also known to occur. Wadis turn for a few hours into raging torrents tearing everything in their path, and their course is regularized. Rainwater serves as an additional water supply for livestock and plants alongside seasonal watercourses. The highlands have temperate climate troughout out the year. The climate of most lowland zones is arid and semiarid.

The climate of the interior shows notable differences from the coastline. Especially when one rises, the temperature is pleasant: it is so in Arta, Randa and Day (where temperatures of 10 ° have been recorded).

Climate charts of different locations in Djibouti

Djibouti city
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     10     29 22     19     29 23     20     30 24     29     32 25     17     35 27     0.1     39 29     6.2     42 31     5.6     41 31     3.1     37 29     20     33 26     22     31 23     11     29 22 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: BBC Weather
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.4     84 71     0.7     84 73     0.8     86 75     1.1     90 78     0.7     95 81     0     102 85     0.2     107 88     0.2     106 87     0.1     99 84     0.8     92 78     0.9     87 74     0.4     85 71 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Arta
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     29     25 16     25     25 17     24     27 18     29     29 21     14     33 24     1     37 27     11     38 26     22     36 26     16     34 26     11     30 21     37     27 18     14     25 16 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.1     76 60     1     76 62     0.9     80 64     1.1     85 69     0.6     91 75     0     99 81     0.4     100 79     0.9     98 78     0.6     94 78     0.4     86 69     1.5     80 64     0.6     77 61 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Dikhil
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     7     29 19     7     30 21     9     32 23     21     34 25     8     37 27     3     40 29     23     39 27     37     38 26     25     37 28     4     34 24     6     31 21     2     29 19 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.3     84 66     0.3     85 70     0.4     89 73     0.8     93 76     0.3     99 81     0.1     104 85     0.9     102 80     1.5     100 79     1     98 82     0.2     93 75     0.2     88 69     0.1     85 67 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Randa
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     39     24 14     36     24 15     20     26 16     27     28 18     12     31 21     7     34 24     25     35 23     38     34 23     40     32 22     13     29 18     37     26 16     31     24 14 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.5     74 57     1.4     75 59     0.8     79 61     1.1     82 65     0.5     88 69     0.3     94 74     1     94 74     1.5     93 73     1.6     90 72     0.5     83 65     1.5     78 60     1.2     75 58 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Tadjoura
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     11     29 22     9     29 23     16     31 25     12     33 26     8     36 29     1     40 32     4     42 31     18     41 31     8     38 31     13     34 27     25     31 24     20     30 23 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.4     84 72     0.4     85 74     0.6     88 76     0.5     92 79     0.3     97 84     0     103 89     0.2     107 88     0.7     105 87     0.3     100 87     0.5     93 80     1     88 76     0.8     85 73 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Ali Sabieh
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     17     26 16     11     26 18     14     29 20     20     31 22     9     34 24     4     37 27     19     37 25     34     36 25     26     35 26     9     31 21     14     29 19     6     27 17 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.7     79 62     0.4     80 64     0.6     84 67     0.8     88 72     0.4     93 76     0.2     99 81     0.7     99 78     1.3     97 77     1     94 78     0.4     88 70     0.6     83 65     0.2     80 63 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Guelile
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     17     26 16     10     27 18     14     29 19     27     31 21     10     34 24     3     37 26     23     37 25     43     36 24     30     33 24     9     30 20     14     27 18     6     26 16 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0.7     78 61     0.4     80 64     0.6     84 67     1.1     87 71     0.4     93 75     0.1     98 80     0.9     98 76     1.7     96 75     1.2     92 76     0.4     87 69     0.6     81 64     0.2     80 61 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Airolaf
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     34     22 11     37     23 12     33     25 13     45     26 15     24     29 17     13     32 20     49     31 20     70     31 19     56     30 19     16     27 15     32     24 13     22     22 12 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climate-Data
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.3     72 52     1.5     73 54     1.3     76 56     1.8     79 60     0.9     85 63     0.5     89 68     1.9     89 67     2.8     87 66     2.2     85 65     0.6     80 59     1.3     75 55     0.9     72 53 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Selected elevations of notable locations

Arta Mountains

Location	Region	Elevation (feet)	Elevation (metres)
Mousa Ali	Tadjourah	6,631 ft	2,021 m
Goda Mountains	Tadjourah	5,840 ft	1,780 m
Garbi	Tadjourah	5,512 ft	1,680 m
Arrei Mountains	Ali Sabieh	4,268 ft	1,301 m
Mabla Mountains	Obock	3,921 ft	1,195 m
Dagouein Mountain	Ali Sabieh	3,688 ft	1,124 m
Hemed	Arta	3,619 ft	1,103 m
Boura Mountains	Ali Sabieh	3,402 ft	1,037 m
Arta Mountains	Arta	2,477 ft	755 m
Lake Assal	Tadjourah	– 509 ft	– 155 m

Lake Assal is the lowest point in Africa (the second lowest is the Qattara Depression in Northern Egypt).

Environment

Grazing camels

Natural hazards include earthquakes, drought, and occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean, which bring heavy rains, and flash floods. Natural resources include geothermal energy. Inadequate supplies of potable water, limited arable land and desertification are current issues.

Djibouti is a party to international agreements on biodiversity, climate change, desertification, endangered species, Law of the Sea, ozone layer protection, ship pollution, and wetlands.

Maritime claims

• territorial sea: 12 nautical miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
• contiguous zone: 24 nautical miles (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
• exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)

Extreme points

This is a list of the extreme points of Djibouti, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

• Northernmost point - Ras Doumera, Obock Region
• Northernmost point (mainland) - the point at which the border with Eritrea enters the Red Sea, Obock Region
• Easternmost point - unnamed section of the Red Sea coast north of Ras Bir, Obock Region
• Southernmost point - unnamed location on the border with Ethiopia west of the town of As Ela, Dikhil Region
• Westernmost point - unnamed location on the border with Ethiopia immediately east of the Ethiopian town of Afambo, Dikhil Region

References

1. "Djibouti". The World Factbook. CIA. April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
2. Highest Mountains in Djibouti
3. "Eritrean coastal desert". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.