Eric Liddell

Eric Liddell

Eric Liddell at the British Empire versus United States of America (Relays) meet held at Stamford Bridge, London on Sat 19 July 1924.[1]
Personal information
Full name Eric Henry Liddell
Nationality Scottish
Born (1902-01-16)16 January 1902
Tianjin (Tientsin), Qing Empire (China)
Died 21 February 1945(1945-02-21) (aged 43)
Weihsien Internment Camp, China
Sport
Country Scotland, Britain
Sport Athletics & Rugby Union (7 tests)
Event(s) 100m, 200m, 400m
Club Edinburgh University
Team Scottish International
Achievements and titles
Olympic finals 1924
Medal record
Men's athletics
Representing  Great Britain
Olympic Games
1924 Paris 400 metres
1924 Paris 200 metres
Eric Liddell
Traditional Chinese 埃里克·利德爾
Simplified Chinese 埃里克·利德尔

Eric Henry Liddell (/ˈlɪdəl/; 16 January 1902 – 21 February 1945) was a Scottish athlete, rugby union international player, and missionary, who chose between his religious beliefs and competing in an Olympic race.

At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, Liddell refused to run in the heats for his favoured 100 metres because they were on a Sunday. He instead competed in the 400 metres, which he won. He returned to China in 1925 to serve as a missionary teacher. Aside from two furloughs in Scotland, he remained in China until his death in a Japanese civilian internment camp in 1945.

Liddell's Olympic training and racing, and the religious convictions that influenced him, are depicted in the Oscar-winning 1981 film Chariots of Fire, in which he is portrayed by fellow Scot Ian Charleson.

Early life

Eric Liddell, often called the "Flying Scotsman" after the record breaking locomotive, was born 16 January 1902, in Tientsin, in north China, the second son of the Rev and Mrs James Dunlop Liddell, who were Scottish missionaries with the London Missionary Society. Liddell went to school in China until the age of five. At the age of six, he and his eight-year-old brother Robert were enrolled in Eltham College, a boarding school in south London for the sons of missionaries. Their parents and sister Jenny returned to China. During the boys' time at Eltham, their parents, sister and new brother Ernest came home on furlough two or three times and were able to be together as a family, mainly living in Edinburgh.

At Eltham, Liddell was an outstanding sportsman, being awarded the Blackheath Cup as the best athlete of his year, playing for the First XI and the First XV by the age of 15, later becoming captain of both the cricket and rugby union teams. His headmaster, George Robertson, described him as being "entirely without vanity".

Liddell became well known for being the fastest runner in Scotland while at Oxford College. Newspapers carried stories of his feats at track meets, and many articles stated that he was a potential Olympic winner.

Liddell was chosen to speak for Glasgow Students' Evangelistic Union by one of the GSEU's co-founders, D.P. Thomson, because he was a strong Christian. The GSEU hoped that he would draw large crowds to hear the Gospel. The GSEU would send out a group of eight to ten men to an area where they would stay with the local population. It was Liddell's job to be a lead speaker and to evangelize the men of Scotland.

University of Edinburgh

In 1920, Liddell joined his brother Robert at the University of Edinburgh to study Pure Science. Athletics and rugby played a large part in his university life. He ran in the 100 yards and 220 yards races for Edinburgh University and played rugby for the University club, from which he gained a place in the backline of a strong Scotland national rugby union team. He scored four tries for Scotland. In 1922 and 1923, he played in seven out of eight Five Nations matches along with A. L. Gracie. In 1923 he won the AAA Championships in athletics in the 100 yards (setting a British record of 9.7 seconds that would not be equalled for 23 years)[2] and 220 yards (21.6 seconds). He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree after the Paris Olympiad in 1924.

Paris Olympics

The 1924 Summer Olympics were hosted by the city of Paris. A devout Christian, Liddell refused to run in a heat held on Sunday (the Christian Sabbath) and was forced to withdraw from the 100-metres race, his best event. The schedule had been published several months earlier, and his decision was made well before the Games. Liddell spent the intervening months training for the 400 metres, though his best pre-Olympics time of 49.6 seconds, set in winning the 1924 AAA championship 440 yards,[3] was modest by international standards. When the day of the Olympic 400 metres final came, July 11, 1924,[4] Liddell went to the starting blocks, where an American Olympic Team masseur slipped a piece of paper into his hand with a quotation from 1 Samuel 2:30: "Those who honor me I will honor."

The pipe band of the 51st Highland Brigade played outside the stadium for the hour before he ran. The 400 metres had been considered a middle-distance event in which runners raced round the first bend and coasted through the back leg. Inspired by the Biblical message, and deprived of a view of the other runners because he drew the outside lane, Liddell raced the whole of the first 200 metres to be well clear of the favoured Americans.[5] With little option but to then treat the race as a complete sprint, he continued to race round the final bend. He was challenged all the way down the home straight but held on to take the win. He broke the Olympic and world records with a time of 47.6 seconds.[6] It was controversially ratified as a world record, despite it being 0.2 seconds slower than the record for the greater distance of 440 yards.[7]

A few days earlier Liddell had competed in the 200 metre finals, for which he received the bronze medal behind Americans Jackson Scholz and Charles Paddock, beating British rival and teammate Harold Abrahams, who finished in sixth place.[5] This was the second and last race in which these two runners met.[8]

His performance in the 400 metres in Paris stood as a European record for 12 years, until beaten by another British athlete, Godfrey Brown, at the Berlin Olympics in 1936.

After the Olympics and graduation from Edinburgh University, Liddell continued to compete. His refusal to compete on Sunday meant he had also missed the Olympic 4 x 400 relay, in which Britain finished third.[5] Shortly after the Games, his final leg in the 4 × 400 metres race in a British Empire vs. USA contest helped secure the victory over the gold-medal winning Americans.[9] A year later, in 1925, at the Scottish Amateur Athletics Association (SAAA) meeting in Hampden Park in Glasgow, he equalled his Scottish championship record of 10.0 seconds in the 100, won the 220 yard contest in 22.2 seconds, won the 440 yard contest in 47.7, and participated in a winning relay team. He was only the fourth athlete to have won all three sprints at the SAAA, achieving this feat in 1924 and 1925. These were his final races on British soil.[5]

Because of his birth and death in China, some of that country's Olympic literature lists Liddell as China's first Olympic champion.[10]

Service in China

Monument to Eric Liddell on the grounds of the former Weihsien Internment Camp

Liddell returned to Northern China to serve as a missionary, like his parents, from 1925 to 1943 – first in Tianjin and later in the town of Xiaozhang (Simplified Chinese 肖张镇),[11] Zaoqiang County, Hengshui, Hebei province, an extremely poor area that had suffered during the country's civil wars and had become a particularly treacherous battleground with the invading Japanese.[12]

During his time in China as a missionary, Liddell continued to compete sporadically, including wins over members of the 1928 French and Japanese Olympic teams in the 200 and 400 metres at the South Manchurian Railway celebrations in China in 1928 and a victory at the 1930 North China championship. He returned to Scotland only twice, in 1932 and again in 1939. On one occasion he was asked if he ever regretted his decision to leave behind the fame and glory of athletics. Liddell responded, "It's natural for a chap to think over all that sometimes, but I'm glad I'm at the work I'm engaged in now. A fellow's life counts for far more at this than the other."[12]

Liddell's first job as a missionary was as a teacher at an Anglo-Chinese College (grades 1–12) for wealthy Chinese students. While he is best known for athletics, his true passion was found in his missionary work. It was believed that by teaching the children of the wealthy, they would become influential figures in China and promote Christian values. Liddell used his athletic experience to train boys in a number of different sports. One of his many responsibilities was that of superintendent of the Sunday school at Union Church where his father was pastor. Liddell lived at 38 Chongqing Dao (formerly known as Cambridge Road) in Tianjin, where a plaque commemorates his residence. He also helped build the Minyuan Stadium in Tianjin. He suggested that it be copied exactly from Chelsea's football ground, where he had competed and was said to be his favourite running venue.

During his first furlough from missionary work in 1932, he was ordained a minister of religion. On his return to China he married Florence Mackenzie of Canadian missionary parentage in Tianjin in 1934. Liddell courted his future wife by taking her for lunch to the famous Kiesling restaurant, which is still open in Tianjin. The couple had three daughters, Patricia, Heather and Maureen, the last of whom he would not live to see. The school where Liddell taught is still in use today. One of his daughters visited Tianjin in 1991 and presented the headmaster of the school with one of the medals that Liddell had won for athletics.

In 1941 life in China had become so dangerous because of Japanese aggression that the British government advised British nationals to leave. Florence (who was pregnant with Maureen) and the children left for Canada to stay with her family when Liddell accepted a position at a rural mission station in Xiaozhang, which served the poor. He joined his brother, Rob, who was a doctor there. The station was severely short of help and the missionaries there were exhausted. A constant stream of locals came at all hours for medical treatment. Liddell arrived at the station in time to relieve his brother, who was ill and needing to go on furlough. Liddell suffered many hardships himself at the mission.

As fighting between the Chinese Eighth Route Army and invading Japanese[13] reached Xiaozhang, the Japanese took over the mission station and Liddell returned to Tianjin. In 1943, he was interned at the Weihsien Internment Camp (in the modern city of Weifang) with the members of the China Inland Mission, Chefoo School (in the city now known as Yantai), and many others. Liddell became a leader and organiser at the camp, but food, medicine and other supplies were scarce. There were many cliques in the camp and when some rich businessmen managed to smuggle in some eggs, Liddell shamed them into sharing them. While fellow missionaries formed cliques, moralised and acted selfishly, Liddell busied himself by helping the elderly, teaching at the camp school Bible classes, arranging games and by teaching science to the children, who referred to him as Uncle Eric.[14]

It was also claimed that one Sunday Liddell refereed a hockey match to stop fighting amongst the players, as he was trusted not to take sides. One of his fellow internees, Norman Cliff, later wrote a book about his experiences in the camp called "The Courtyard of the Happy Way" (Chinese 樂道院, also translated as "The Campus of Loving Truth"),[15] which detailed the remarkable characters in the camp. Cliff described Liddell as "the finest Christian gentleman it has been my pleasure to meet. In all the time in the camp, I never heard him say a bad word about anybody". Langdon Gilkey, who also survived the camp and became a prominent theologian in his native America, said of Liddell: "Often in an evening I would see him bent over a chessboard or a model boat, or directing some sort of square dance – absorbed, weary and interested, pouring all of himself into this effort to capture the imagination of these penned-up youths. He was overflowing with good humour and love for life, and with enthusiasm and charm. It is rare indeed that a person has the good fortune to meet a saint, but he came as close to it as anyone I have ever known."[12]

Death and legacy

In his last letter to his wife, written on the day he died, Liddell wrote of suffering a nervous breakdown due to overwork. He actually had an inoperable brain tumour; overwork and malnourishment may have hastened his death. Liddell died on 21 February 1945, five months before liberation. Langdon Gilkey later wrote, "The entire camp, especially its youth, was stunned for days, so great was the vacuum that Eric's death had left." According to a fellow missionary, Liddell's last words were, "It's complete surrender", in reference to how he had given his life to God.[16]

On 5 June 1945 the Eric Liddell Memorial Committee was set up in Glasgow, seeking donations for a Fund to provide for the education and maintenance of Eric Liddell's three daughters; to fund an Eric Liddell Missionary Scholarship at Edinburgh University and an Eric Liddell Challenge Trophy for Amateur Athletics; and to erect a Memorial in North China to commemorate Eric Liddell's work there. Only the first and third objectives were achieved.[17] To raise funds and to widen its appeal, the Committee published a pamphlet by D.P. Thomson: Eric Liddell, The Making of an Athlete and the Training of a Missionary. The Fund was eventually wound up in 1954, having raised £3,687 15s - over £88,000 in relative purchasing power.[18]

D.P. Thomson also spoke at well-attended Memorial Services held in both Edinburgh and Glasgow in 1945.[19]

In 2008, just before the Beijing Olympics, Chinese authorities revealed that Liddell had refused an opportunity to leave the camp, and instead gave his place to a pregnant woman. Apparently, the Japanese and British, with Churchill's approval, had agreed upon a prisoner exchange.[5] News of this final act of sacrifice surprised even his family members.

56 years after the 1924 Paris Olympics, Scotsman Allan Wells won the 100 metre sprint at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. When asked after the victory if he had run the race for Harold Abrahams, the last 100 metre Olympic winner from Britain (in 1924) who had died two years previously, Wells replied, "No, ... I would prefer to dedicate this to Eric Liddell"[20]

Eric Liddell was the most popular athlete Scotland has ever produced, according to the public voting for the first inductees for the Scottish Sports Hall of Fame in 2002.[21][22]

Memorial

Memorial plaque at Edinburgh University

Liddell was buried in the garden behind the Japanese officers' quarters, his grave marked by a small wooden cross. The site was forgotten until it was rediscovered in 1989, in the grounds of what is now Weifeng Middle School[5] in Shandong Province, north-east China, about six hours' drive from Beijing. Its rediscovery was largely the result of the determination of Charles Walker, an engineer working in Hong Kong, who felt one of Scotland's great heroes was in danger of being forgotten. His search for the grave proved difficult because since Liddell's death, place names had changed, documents disappeared and witnesses were difficult to find.

In 1991 Edinburgh University erected a memorial headstone, made from Isle of Mull granite and carved by a mason in Tobermory, at the former camp site in Weifang. The simple inscription came from the Book of Isaiah 40:31: "They shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run and not be weary." The city of Weifang commemorated Liddell during the 60th anniversary of the internment camp's liberation by laying a wreath on his grave.

The Eric Liddell Centre was set up in Edinburgh in 1980 to honour Liddell’s beliefs in community service whilst he lived and studied in Edinburgh. Local residents dedicated it to inspiring, empowering, and supporting people of all ages, cultures and abilities, as an expression of compassionate Christian values.[23]

The liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) remembers Liddell with a feast day on 22 February.[24]

Eltham College's sports centre was named "Eric Liddell Sports Centre" in his memory.

Portrayals on film and stage

Chariots of Fire details

The 1981 film Chariots of Fire chronicles and contrasts the lives and viewpoints of Liddell and Harold Abrahams. One inaccuracy surrounds Liddell's refusal to race in the 100-metre event at the 1924 Paris Summer Olympics. The film portrays Liddell as finding out that one of the heats was to be held on a Sunday as he boards the boat that will take the British Olympic team across the English Channel to Paris. In reality, the schedule and Liddell's decision were both known several months in advance, though his refusal to participate remains significant. Liddell had also been selected to run as a member of the 4×100 and 4×400 relay teams at the Olympics but also declined these spots as the finals were to be run on a Sunday.

One scene in the film depicts Liddell falling early in a 440-yard race in a Scotland–France dual meet and making up a 20-yard deficit to win; the actual race was during a Triangular Contest meet between Scotland, England and Ireland at Stoke-on-Trent in England in July 1923. Liddell was knocked to the ground several strides into the race. He hesitated, got up and pursued his opponents, 20 yards ahead. He caught the leaders shortly before the finish line and collapsed after crossing the tape. This scene was filmed at Goldenacre stadium in Edinburgh, the playing fields of George Heriot's School in Edinburgh. Other scenes filmed in Edinburgh include:

Producer David Puttnam viewed footage from a 1924 film of Liddell and Abrahams while researching the film with scriptwriter Colin Welland[26][27] and Liddell's unorthodox running style as portrayed in the film, with his head back and his mouth wide open, is also said to be accurate. At an athletics championship in Glasgow, a visitor watching the 440 yard final in which Liddell was a long way behind the leaders at the start of the last lap (of a 220-yard track) remarked to a Glasgow native that Liddell would be hard put to win the race. The Glaswegian merely replied, "His head's no' back yet." Liddell then threw his head back and with mouth wide open caught and passed his opponents to win the race. In the 1945 report of his death The Guardian wrote "He is remembered among lovers of athletics as probably the ugliest runner who ever won an Olympic championship. When he appeared in the heats of the 400m at Paris in 1924 his huge sprawling stride, his head thrown back and his arms clawing the air, moved the Americans and other sophisticated experts to ribald laughter." Rival Harold Abrahams said in response to criticism of Liddell's style: "People may shout their heads off about his appalling style. Well, let them. He gets there."[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ John W Keddie, "Running the Race - Eric Liddell, Olympic Champion and Missionary" book.
  2. ↑ British 100 yards record equalled The Advocate 6 August 1946
  3. ↑ Lovesey, Peter (1979). The Official Centenary History of the Amateur Athletic Association. Enfield, Great Britain: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 77. ISBN 0-900424-95-8.
  4. ↑ "Golden Scots: Eric Liddell, running to immortality". BBC web-site. 20 July 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Simon Burnton (4 January 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments No8: Eric Liddell's 400 metres win, 1924". The Guardian.
  6. ↑ "The Official Report of the Games of the 8th Olympiade" (PDF). Paris, FR. 1924. p. 107. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  7. ↑ Watman, Mel (2006). All-Time Greats of British Athletics. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: SportsBooks Ltd. p. 17.
  8. ↑ Liddell had finished some five yards ahead of Abrahams in a 220y semi-final at the 1923 AAA Championships. Watman, Mel (2006). All-Time Greats of British Athletics. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: SportsBooks Ltd. p. 16.
  9. ↑ "Eric Liddell". Sports Reference. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  10. ↑ Chariots of Fire's Liddell, a Chinese hero? – By Nick Mulvenney (6 August 2008) Reuters
  11. ↑ Xiaozhang was spelled as Siaochang in most Western documents according to Wade-Giles system.
  12. 1 2 3 Burnton, Simon (4 January 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments: No8 Eric Liddell's 400 metres win, 1924". The Guardian.
  13. ↑ Magnusson, Sally (1981). The Flying Scotsman, A Biography. New York, NY, USA: Quartet Books. pp. 123–32..
  14. ↑ Jackson, p. 21
  15. ↑ Magnusson, Sally (1981). The Flying Scotsman, A Biography. New York, NY, USA: Quartet Books. p. 150..
  16. ↑ Magnusson, Sally (1981). The Flying Scotsman, A Biography. New York, NY: Quartet Books Inc. p. 160-170
  17. ↑ "Eric Liddell Memorial Fund". Archives Hub. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  18. ↑ "Relative Values". Measuring Worth. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  19. ↑ Magnusson, Sally (1981). The Flying Scotsman: The Eric Liddell Story (2009 ed.). Stroud: Tempus Publishing / The History Press. p. 178. ISBN 978 0 7524 4352 2.
  20. ↑ "Thrilled to follow in Liddell’s footsteps". The Scotsman. 3 September 2000.
  21. ↑ "Eric Liddell – Scotland's most popular sporting hero". The Scotsman. 1 December 2002.
  22. ↑ "Scottish Athletes Prominent in Hall of Fame". Scottish Athletics. 2 December 2002. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  23. ↑ "The Eric Liddell Centre". The Eric Liddell Centre. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  24. ↑ http://satucket.com/lectionary/Calendar.htm
  25. ↑ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4714896
  26. ↑ "CHARIOTS OF FIRE 1924 Film Footage Discovered At BFI". Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  27. ↑ "Running with Harold Abrahams (1924)". British Film Foundation. Retrieved 30 June 2012.

Further sources

Archives

Bibliography

  • Janet & Geoff Benge. Eric Liddell: Something Greater Than Gold. Youth With A Mission Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-57658-137-3
  • Eric Liddell pages on the Eric Liddell Centre website. Text approved by Eric Liddell's daughters.
  • Ellen Caughey, Eric Liddell: Olympian and Missionary Barbour Books, 2000. ISBN 1-57748-667-6
  • Langdon Gilkey. Shantung Compound Harper & Row, 1966, pp. 192–193. ISBN 0-06-063113-9
  • Marjorie I.H. Jackson, God's Prisoner of War Calvary Church, Lancaster, PA, 2006. (eyewitness account of a Weihsien Camp survivor)
  • John Keddie (& Sebastian Coe), Running the Race Evangelical Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-85234-665-5
  • Eric Liddell, The disciplines of the Christian life, Abingdon Press, 1985.
  • Eric Liddell, The Sermon on the Mount: notes for Sunday School teachers.
  • David McCasland, Eric Liddell: Pure Gold: A New Biography Of The Olympic Champion Who Inspired Chariots Of Fire. Discovery House Publishers, 2003. ISBN 1-57293-130-2
  • Sally Magnusson. The Flying Scotsman Quartet Books, 1981. ISBN 0-7043-3379-1
  • Russell Ramsey, God's Joyful Runner Bridge-Logos Publishers, 1986. ISBN 0-88270-624-1
  • Catherine Swift, Eric Liddell Bethany House Publishers, 1990. ISBN 1-55661-150-1
  • D.P. Thomson, Eric Liddell: The Making of an Athlete and the Training of a Missionary Glasgow: The Eric Liddell Memorial Committee 1946
  • D.P. Thomson, Scotland's Greatest Athlete: The Eric Liddell Story Crieff: The Research Unit 1970. ISBN 0900867043.
  • D.P. Thomson, Eric H. Liddell: Athlete and Missionary Crieff: The Research Unit 1971. ISBN 0900867078.
  • Williams, David A. "Eric Liddell and his father, James Liddell: Hollywood Hid a Congregationalist" (PDF). World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship. Retrieved 14 April 2012. 
  • Julian Wilson, Complete Surrender Monarch Publications, 1996. ISBN 1-85424-348-9
  • Ronald Clements, In Japan the Crickets Cry Monarch Publications, 2010. ISBN 978-1-85424-970-8 (eyewitness account of Weihsien Camp survivor, Stephen A. Metcalf)

Videography

External links

Records
Preceded by
United Kingdom Beauchamp Day		 European Record Holder Men's 400m
12 July 1924 – 6 August 1936 		Succeeded by
United Kingdom Godfrey Brown
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