Ernst A. Lehmann

Lehmann in 1929

Captain Ernst August Lehmann (12 May 1886 – 7 May 1937) was a German Zeppelin captain. He was one of the most famous and experienced figures in German airship travel. The Pittsburgh Press called Lehmann the best airship pilot in the world.[1]

Pre-war experience

Ernst Lehmann was born in 1886 in Ludwigshafen am Rhein.[2] At the age of 14, he decided that he wanted to build ships. He studied engineering at the Technische Hochschule Berlin and received his degree in 1912. By this time, he had already joined the navy and had attained the rank of naval reserve lieutenant.

Upon graduation, he began work at the Imperial Dockyards in Kiel.[2] He did not find this work satisfying so, encouraged by Dr. Hugo Eckener, he joined the DELAG to serve as pilot of the passenger airship LZ 17 Sachsen.[2] He commanded a total of 550 flights of this ship.

Service during World War I

During the First World War, Captain Lehmann commanded army airships, beginning with the Sachsen after it had been taken over by the Army,[2] and followed by the LZ XII,[3] LZ 90,[3] LZ 98,[2] and LZ 120.[2]

Post-war commercial airship travel

After the war, Captain Lehmann continued his involvement with the airships, now used for civilian purposes. He made preparations to fly the naval airship L 72 on the first transatlantic crossing of an airship in 1919.[2] Permission was denied by the German government. In 1920, he spent six months in Sweden studying the economics of an airship line between Stockholm and the Mediterranean, with a stopover in Friedrichshafen.[2] These plans were never realized.

Captain Lehmann is interviewed by NBC after the first US landing of the Hindenburg on May 9, 1936.

In 1921 he spent four months in the United States to prepare for a planned New York to Chicago airship route, and in 1922 tried to negotiate with USA and England over a North Atlantic route.[2]

With the founding of the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation in 1923, Captain Lehmann served as Vice President in charge of engineering.[2] In 1924, Captain Lehmann was second-in-command of LZ 126 on the first nonstop transatlantic flight between the European and American mainlands. The purpose of the flight was to deliver the Zeppelin to its new owners, the United States Navy, who rechristened the ship USS Los Angeles.

By 1929, Lehmann had filed a declaration of intent to become a United States citizen, but changed his mind when he was given charge of the Hindenburg in 1936.[1]

In 1935, when Hermann Göring created the Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei to increase Nazi influence over zeppelin operations, Captain Lehmann was named director of the new airline.[4]

Captain Lehmann served as commanding officer on more than 100 of the flights of the Graf Zeppelin between 1928 and 1936. In 1936, he commanded 10 round-trip flights to Lakehurst on the new Hindenburg. Captain Lehmann was a skilled accordion player, which he often used to entertain passengers on long flights with renditions of Wagner pieces or German folk songs.[5]

Deutschlandfahrt

Lehmann cancelled important flight tests for the Hindenburg, for a request by the Nazi Ministry of Propaganda for Hindenburg and Graf Zeppelin, to make a propaganda flight (Deutschlandfahrt) in support of Adolf Hitler. Despite unfavorable weather conditions Lehmann insisted on making the flight, the result was that Hindenburg’s lower fin was damaged, on the day of the takeoff. Hugo Eckener criticised Lehmann harshly and openly for endangering the brand new ship, and the entire zeppelin program, to impress the Nazis. However, Lehmann never actually joined the Nazi Party, despite this support. (Only Max Pruss and Anton Wittemann of the seven active zeppelin commanders were Party members of the NSDAP).[6]

Dr. Eckener was furious and said to Lehmann:

How could you, Herr Lehmann, order the ship to be brought out in such windy conditions? You had the best excuse in the world for postponing this idiotic flight; instead, you risk the ship, merely to avoid annoying Herr Goebbels. Do you call this showing a sense of responsibility towards our enterprise?

Death

Although Max Pruss was the commanding officer of the last flight of the Hindenburg, Captain Lehmann was the most senior officer on board, but was there only as an observer.[1] He was fatally burned when the ship caught fire at Lakehurst on 6 May 1937 and died the following day. It was initially believed that Lehmann would recover from his injuries; he was scheduled to be transferred to the hospital at Rockefeller University for further treatment until he took a sudden turn for the worse the afternoon before his death.[1]

At his death, he believed that the Hindenburg was sabotaged. He came out of the burning wreckage saying "I don't understand it."[1] During a deathbed conversation with Commander Charles Emery Rosendahl, he said "it must have been an infernal machine." Lehmann's two-year-old son had died on Easter Sunday, 28 March 1937, a few weeks prior to the Hindenburg's last crossing and he did not really want to make the voyage. Lehmann accepted the assignment with the hope that by doing so he might have the opportunity to speak to U. S. authorities about the use of Helium gas in the German airships.[1][7]

Criticism

After Lehmann's death, Hugo Eckener blamed Lehmann for pushing Max Pruss to land the Hindenburg. However, according to Airships.net and news reports, Eckener blamed Pruss, after investigating the disaster himself and explained that a sharp S-turn during the landing procedure might have caused a bracing wire to break, and resulted in mixture of hydrogen with air, which then likely was ignited by an electrostatic discharge.[8] But he did not rule out other causes.[9]

Portrayals

In the 1975 film The Hindenburg, Captain Lehmann was portrayed by Richard Dysart, although this portrayal is quite inaccurate with Lehmann appearing wary of the Nazis, whereas the real Lehmann was a well-known supporter. In the 2007 docudrama Hindenburg: The Untold Story, Polish actor Aleksander Trabczynski portrayed Lehmann. In the fictional 2011 RTL television movie of the disaster, he was portrayed by Ulrich Noethen. In this film, he supports the Gestapo in their brutal torture of Merten Kroger for the alleged murder of a passenger, but orders his release upon seeing proof of a bomb aboard the ship. During the landing approach, he pushes the landing approach and ignores Kroger's warning that putting stress on the ships frame would be dangerous, saying it's "less dangerous than a bomb going off". He is proven wrong when although the bomb is defused, the airship explodes due to static electricity.

Books

Captain Lehmann published his first book in English with Howard Mingos in New York in 1927 it was reprinted in London as well. The Zeppelins: The Development of the Airship, with the Story of the Zeppelins Air Raids in the World War,[10]

Captain Lehmann recounts his personal experiences as a zeppelin captain in war and peace. Auf Luftpatrouille und Weltfahrt: Erlebnisse eines Zeppelin Fuhrers in Krieg und Frieden,[11]

Captain Lehmann's last book Zeppelin: The Story of Lighter-than-air Craft,[12] was being translated by Leonhard Adelt. (who was on board with Lehmann as a guest during the Hindenburg's last flight. ) The book had recently been published in German when the Hindenburg was destroyed. The English translation, completed by Jay Dratler, was published later in 1937 with a preface and closing chapter by the American airship captain Charles E. Rosendahl who had interviewed Lehmann on his deathbed.

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Injuries Fatal to War Hero". The Pittsburgh Press. May 8, 1937. pp. 1, 8. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Krug
  3. 1 2 Lehmann Chapter V
  4. ↑
  5. ↑ Archbold, Rick (2005). Hindenburg: An Illustrated History. Toronto: Madison Press Books. p. 109.
  6. ↑ Airships.net. "Ernst Lehmann".
  7. ↑ Moody, Sid (May 6, 1962). "The Day the Angels Lost Their Grip". Tuscaloosa News. p. 6. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
  8. ↑ Airships.net. "Hugo Eckener".
  9. ↑ The Sunday Morning Star (May 23, 1937). "Eckener gropes to solve blast". p. 6.
  10. ↑ Lehmann, Capt. Ernst A. (1927). The Zeppelins: The Development of the Airship, with the Story of the Zeppelins Air Raids in the World War. New York: J. H. SEARS & COMPANY, Inc.
  11. ↑ Lehmann, Capt. Ernst A. (1936). Auf Luftpatrouille und Weltfahrt: Erlebnisse eines Zeppelin Fuhrers in Krieg und Frieden (in German). Berlin: Volksverband der Bücherfreunde, Wegweiser-Verlag.
  12. ↑ Lehmann, Capt. Ernst A. (1937). Zeppelin: The Story of Lighter-than-air Craft (in German). London: Longmans, Green and Co.

References

External links

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