Error bar

A bar chart with confidence intervals (shown as red lines)

Error bars are a graphical representation of the variability of data and are used on graphs to indicate the error, or uncertainty in a reported measurement. They give a general idea of how precise a measurement is, or conversely, how far from the reported value the true (error free) value might be. Error bars often represent one standard deviation of uncertainty, one standard error, or a certain confidence interval (e.g., a 95% interval). These quantities are not the same and so the measure selected should be stated explicitly in the graph or supporting text.

Error bars can be used to compare visually two quantities if various other conditions hold. This can determine whether differences are statistically significant. Error bars can also suggest goodness of fit of a given function, i.e., how well the function describes the data. Scientific papers in the experimental sciences are expected to include error bars on all graphs, though the practice differs somewhat between sciences, and each journal will have its own house style. It has also been shown that error bars can be used as a direct manipulation interface for controlling probabilistic algorithms for approximate computation.[1] Error bars can also be expressed in a plus-minus sign (±), plus the upper limit of the error and minus the lower limit of the error.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sarkar, Advait; Blackwell, Alan F; Jamnik, Mateja; Spott, Martin (2015). "Interaction with uncertainty in visualisations". Eurographics/IEEE VGTC Conference on Visualization (EuroVis 2015) (The Eurographics Association). doi:10.2312/eurovisshort.20151138.
  2. ↑ Brown, George W. (1982), "Standard Deviation, Standard Error: Which 'Standard' Should We Use?", American Journal of Diseases of Children 136 (10): 937–941, doi:10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970460067015.
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