Erwin Panofsky

"Panofsky" redirects here. For other uses, see Panofsky (disambiguation).
Erwin Panofsky

Erwin "Pan" Panofsky (March 30, 1892 in Hannover – March 14, 1968 in Princeton, New Jersey)[1] was a German art historian, whose academic career was pursued mostly in the U.S. after the rise of the Nazi regime. Panofsky's work represents a high point in the modern academic study of iconography, which he used in hugely influential[2] works like his "little book" Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art and his masterpiece,[2] Early Netherlandish Painting. Many of his works are still in print, including Studies in Iconology: Humanist Themes in the Art of the Renaissance (1939), Meaning in the Visual Arts (1955), and his eponymous 1943 study of Albrecht Dürer. Panofsky's ideas were also highly influential in intellectual history in general,[3] particularly in his use of historical ideas to interpret artworks and vice-versa.

Biography

Panofsky was born in Hannover to a wealthy Jewish Silesian mining family. He grew up in Berlin, receiving his Abitur in 1910 at the Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium. In 1910-1914 he studied law, philosophy, philology, and art history in Freiburg, Munich, and Berlin, where he heard lectures by the art historian Margarete Bieber, who was filling in for Georg Loeschcke. While he was taking courses at Freiburg University, a slightly older student, Kurt Badt, took him to hear a lecture by the founder of the art history department, Wilhelm Vöge, under whom he wrote his dissertation in 1914. His topic, Dürer's artistic theory Dürers Kunsttheorie: vornehmlich in ihrem Verhaltnis zur Kunsttheorie der Italiener was published the following year in Berlin as Die Theoretische Kunstlehre Albrecht Dürers. Because of a horse-riding accident, Panofsky was exempted from military service during World War I, using the time to attend the seminars of the medievalist Adolph Goldschmidt in Berlin.

Panofsky's academic career in art history took him to the University of Berlin, University of Munich, and finally to University of Hamburg, where he taught from 1920 to 1933. It was during this period that his first major writings on art history began to appear. A significant early work was Idea: Ein Beitrag zur Begriffsgeschichte der älteren Kunstheorie (1924; translated into English as Idea: A Concept in Art Theory), based on the ideas of Ernst Cassirer.

Panofsky first came to the United States in 1931 to teach at New York University. Although initially allowed to spend alternate terms in Hamburg and New York City, after the Nazis came to power in Germany his appointment in Hamburg was terminated because he was Jewish, and he remained permanently in the United States with his art historian wife (since 1916), Dorothea "Dora" Mosse (1885-1965).

By 1934 Panofsky was teaching concurrently at New York University and Princeton University, and in 1935 he was invited to join the faculty of the new Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.

Panofsky was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the British Academy and a number of other national academies. In 1954 he became foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[4] In 1962 he received the Haskins Medal of The Medieval Academy of America. In 1947–1948 Panofsky was the Charles Eliot Norton professor at Harvard University; the lectures later became Early Netherlandish Painting.

Panofsky became particularly well known for his studies of symbols and iconography in art. First in a 1934 article, then in his Early Netherlandish Painting (1953), Panofsky was the first to interpret Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait (1934) as not only a depiction of a wedding ceremony, but also a visual contract testifying to the act of marriage. Panofsky identifies a plethora of hidden symbols that all point to the sacrament of marriage. In recent years, this conclusion has been challenged, but Panofsky's work with what he called "hidden" or "disguised" symbolism is still very much influential in the study and understanding of Northern Renaissance art.

Similarly, in his monograph on Dürer, Panofsky gives lengthy "symbolic" analyses of the prints Knight, Death, and the Devil and Melancolia I, the former based on Erasmus's Handbook of a Christian Knight.

Panofsky was known to be friends with physicists Wolfgang Pauli and Albert Einstein. His son, Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, became a renowned physicist who specialized in particle accelerators. His other son was a meteorologist. As Wolfgang Panofsky related, his father used to call his sons "meine beiden Klempner" ("my two plumbers"). William S. Heckscher was a student, fellow emigre, and close friend. In 1973 he was succeeded at Princeton by Irving Lavin.

Work

Three strata of subject matter or meaning

Panofsky made important contributions to the study of iconography, including his interpretation of Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait (1434, pictured).

In Studies in Iconology Panofsky details his idea of three levels of art-historical understanding:[5]

For Panofsky, it was important to consider all three strata as one examines Renaissance art. Irving Lavin says, "it was this insistence on, and search for, meaning—especially in places where no one suspected there was any—that led Panofsky to understand art, as no previous historian had, as an intellectual endeavor on a par with the traditional liberal arts."[6]

Manuscript of Panofsky's Habilitationsschrift

In August 2012, the original manuscript of Panofsky's Habilitationsschrift of 1920, which is entitled "Die Gestaltungsprinzipien Michelangelos, besonders in ihrem Verhältnis zu denen Raffaels" ("The Composition Principles of Michelangelo, particularly in their relation to those of Raphael"), was found by art historian Stephan Klingen in an old Nazi safe in Munich's Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte.[7][8][9] It had long been assumed that this manuscript was lost in 1943/44 in Hamburg, as this important study was never published and the art historian's widow was unable to locate it in Hamburg. It seems as if art historian Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich, who had studied under Panofsky, was in the possession of this manuscript from 1946 to 1970. In the Süddeutsche Zeitung, Willibald Sauerländer shed some light on the question of whether Heydenreich shared his recovery of the manuscript or not: "Panofsky has historically distanced himself from his early writings on Michelangelo, as he tired of the subject, and (according to Sauerländer) developed a professional conflict with Austro-Hungarian art historian Johannes Wilde, who accused Panofsky of not crediting him with ideas gleaned from a conversation they had about Michelangelo drawings. Perhaps Panofsky didn't care about the whereabouts of his lost work and Heydenreich was not malicious in keeping it a secret ... but questions still remain."[10]

Influence on Bourdieu

His work has greatly influenced the theory of taste developed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, in books such as The Rules of Art and Distinction. In particular, Bourdieu first adapted his notion of habitus from Panofsky's Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism,[3][11] having earlier translated the work into French.

Works

See also

References

References
  1. ↑ "Erwin Panofsky - Dictionary of Art Historians". dictionaryofarthistorians.org. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
  2. 1 2 Shone, Richard and Stonard, John-Paul, eds. The Books that Shaped Art History, chapter 7. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
  3. 1 2 Chartier, Roger. Cultural History, pp. 23-24 (from "Intellectual History and the History of Mentalités"). Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988
  4. ↑ "Erwin Panofsky (1892 - 1968)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  5. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin. Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. pp. 5–9.
  6. ↑ Lavin, Irving. "Panofsky's History of Art" in Meaning in the Visual Arts: Views from the Outside. Princeton: Institute for Advanced Study, 1995. p. 6.
  7. ↑ Uta Nitschke-Joseph, "A Fortuitous Discovery: An Early Manuscript by Erwin Panofsky Reappears in Munich". Institute for Advanced Study (Spring 2013).
  8. ↑ "Der Fund im Panzerschrank", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 31 August 2012.
  9. ↑ "Die jüngsten Funde haben unser Wissen bereichert", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 31 August 2012.
  10. ↑ artforum.com: International News Digest, September 26, 2012
  11. ↑ Review of Holsinger, The Premodern Condition, in Bryn Mawr Review of Comparative Literature 6:1 (Winter 2007).
  12. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin (1968-01-01). Idea: A Concept in Art Theory. Harper & Row. ISBN 9780064300490.
  13. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin (1991-01-01). Perspective as Symbolic Form. Zone Books. ISBN 9780942299526.
  14. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin (1972-01-01). Studies In Iconology: Humanistic Themes In The Art Of The Renaissance. Harper & Row. ISBN 9780786741885.
  15. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin; Smith, Jeffrey Chipps (2005-01-01). The Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691122762.
  16. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin (1979-01-01). Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St.-Denis and Its Art Treasures. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691003146.
  17. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin (1976-01-01). Gothic architecture and scholasticism. New American Library.
  18. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin (1953-01-01). Early Netherlandish Painting, Its Origins and Character: Text. Harvard University Press.
  19. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin (1955-01-01). Meaning in the Visual Arts. Doubleday. ISBN 9780226645513.
  20. ↑ Panofsky, Dora; Panofsky, Erwin (1956-01-01). Pandora's Box: The Changing Aspects of a Mythical Symbol. Pantheon Books.
  21. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin (1969-01-01). Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art. Westview Press. ISBN 0064300269.
  22. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin; Janson, Horst Woldemar (1992-01-01). Tomb sculpture: four lectures on its changing aspects from ancient Egypt to Bernini. H.N. Abrams.
  23. ↑ Klinbansky, Raymond; Panofsky, Erwin; Saxl, Fritz (1964-01-01). Saturn and Melancholy: Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion, and Art. Thomas Nelson and Sons.
  24. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin (1969-01-01). Problems in Titian, mostly iconographic. New York University Press.
  25. ↑ Panofsky, Erwin; Heckscher, William S. (1997-01-01). Three Essays on Style. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262661034.
Sources

External links

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