Esau Khamati Oriedo

Esau Khamati Oriedo

Esau Khamati Oriedo at Nairobi, Kenya—c. 1990 portrait photograph
Born Esau Khamati
(1888-01-29)29 January 1888
Bunyore, Ebwali Village, North Kavirondo, colonial African territory governed by Imperial British East Africa Company
Died 1 December 1992(1992-12-01) (aged 104)
Bunyore, Iboona Village, Republic of Kenya
Education Self-educated
Occupation

businessman, politician, and religious scholar & activist


Years active 1904–1992
Known for
Religion Christianity
Spouse(s) Evangeline Olukhanya Ohana-Oriedo (d. 11 July 1982)
Children
World War I & II Veteran
Allegiance  United Kingdom
Service/branch

 British Army British Army's

King's African Rifles (KAR)
Years of service 1914–1918 and 1939–1946
Rank Frontline Infantryman
Unit
Battles/wars

World War I

World War II – Burma Campaign
Kenyan colonial & postcolonial era politician
Kenyan freedom fighter – colonial era
(1930s – 1963)

Esau Khamati Oriedo (circa 1888 – 1992) was a Kenyan of African ancestry; an anti-colonialism activist and crusader of the rights of the native peoples in the British East African Protectorate & Colony of Kenya, during the period that span more than five decades (1910s – 1960s); he was a veteran of World War I and World War II as a soldier in the King's African Rifles (KAR); politician; freedom fighter; Christian crusader and champion of religious tolerance; entrepreneur and trade unionist; a legal advocate; literacy champion; and philanthropist of the colonial and postcolonial eras.

Biography

Esau Khamati Oriedo born circa 1888 at Ebwali village, North Kavirondo, in the colonial African territory governed by Imperial British East Africa Company, which is now in Kenya. He lost his father early in life and had to craft his way through life as an orphan to become a self-made man who was respected by his peers and revered by his country.

He championed many human causes—interdisciplinary (socioeconomic & geopolitical) and across ethnicities in his native Kenya.

Politics

As a politician, he was a pragmatic and effective colonial era and early post-colonial era politician. He served as a colonial era district representative in the District House Assembly known as the Local Native Council (LNC) of North Nyanza;[5] [6] one of the 26 countrywide local native legislative units enacted by the colonial government in 1924.[7] In addition to being a district representative, he also served as the council’s chairperson. Notably, the Local Native Council of North Nyanza had the largest colonial era budget of any of the 26 native legislative units in the British Colony and Protectorate of Kenya.[8]

He was a member of the Kenya African Union (KAU), a grassroots organiser and an events coordinator, recruited merchants and workers into organisation.[Note 2]

When Kenya acquired her independence in December 1963, he was elected to several terms as a councilman in the County Council of Kakamega;[9][10] he voluntarily gave up his position—as a councillor—to the younger generation, whom he continued to mentor.

Faith

As a Christian crusader, a champion of religious (Christianity) tolerance and cultural inclusiveness, he challenged the colonial-era Christian church and missionaries in Kenya to embrace the traditional African heritage;[11] he is credited among those Africans whose efforts effectuated successful amelioration and headway of the modern Christian church into Africa’s interior, between 1450 — 1950;[12] in 1923 he spearheaded the founding of St. John’s Anglican Church at Ebwali village in Bunyore, Kenya[13] to counter Church of God’s dominance in Bunyore, after he forsook Church of God Anderson, Indiana, USA Kima Mission[14] in 1923 because of its censoriously inimical stance towards the African culture—until then, he and Chief Otieno wa Ndale were key Africans in the establishment and growth of the Kima Mission; he had been a crucial African member and a principal stakeholder of the Kima mission.[15][16] In 1954 he and his wife were presented with an ex post facto award for their outstanding contribution to the success of the Church of God, Kima mission; the award was conferred by the Kima Mission with the approval of International Missionary Board of Church of God at Anderson, Indiana in the USA

Activism

As a political activist and freedom fighter, in 1953 he was detained for four years—alongside Chief Koinange Wa Mbiyu (d. 1960), a number of Kenyan founding fathers, and other key Kenyan figures.[17] While in detention, he endured torture and harsh conditions by the British colonial government in Kenya, under the emergency rule; he lost all his business enterprises and property, as a consequence.

As a trade unionist, a legal advocate and scholar, he was one of the key members of the original trade-union movement in Kenya which advocated for fair wages, suitable employment conditions, and housing for African workers.[18] During the Kakamega Gold Rush of 1930–52 he advocated for the unionisation of African mine workers as a non-violent effective approach to fighting for their rights through collective bargaining campaign, and implored the North Nyanza LNC to support the unionisation approach, but was unsuccessful.[19][20][21] Nevertheless, he endeavoured to bring attention and awareness of sympathetic Britons to plight of the native Africans.[22] His efforts and others akin to it were deemed by colonial authorities as antigovernment sedition or rabblerousing and were posthaste outlawed.[23] In 1964 he spearheaded the founding of Kenya Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Bunyore Branch (registered on 3 June 1964).[24]

Colonial-era court clerk and interpreter

He was multi-lingual, capable of speaking and writing in several languages; because of this talent he was chosen by the British judiciary to become a court interpreter and clerk through which he acquired considerable knowledge and skills in the British legal system. During the struggle for Kenya’s independence he used his knowledge of the British law to advocate for the rights of the Africans; he provided free legal representation to Africans charged with political crimes by the British colonial government in Kenya under the state of emergency rule and the general provisions of seditious speeches and acts.[25]

Entrepreneur

He was an entrepreneur, a merchant and commercial miller with business enterprises across the country, in 1938 he became the first African to own and operate, in absolute, an automated commercial scale Posho/Grain Mill—for gristing and grinding maize and other genera of comestible grain—in North and South Nyanza regions in present-day Western and Nyanza provinces in the east African Republic of Kenya.

In the 1920s he established Oriedo, Esau & Sons trading company which later became a national enterprise with branches in all major cities of the British Kenyan colony and independent Republic of Kenya. He established an effective supply chain and brokerage infrastructure for the business, and was recognised accordingly in a report commissioned by US Agency for International Development on agro-industrial enterprises in Kenya.[26][27]

As a businessman he developed close and effective business partnerships and social friendships with the Kenyan Indian/Asian communities, including speaking Hindi with adequate reading & writing skills. Indian merchants were prominent in economic development in colonial and postcolonial east Africa.

Philanthropy

Esau Oriedo was a philanthropist who supported multifaceted human causes—in 1923 he spearheaded the founding of Ebwali St. John’s Anglican at Bunyore, Kakamega District (presently, Vihiga district) in Kenya; he ceded funds and property to the church and Ebwali Primary School, provided bursaries and other kinds of financial support to help promote the welfare of those in need. In 1964 he founded “Oriedo Self Help Society” (registered on 3 June 1964);[28] a non-governmental charitable foundation whose primary objective was to further socioeconomic welfare of communities in Bunyore and beyond, via self-driven and outcome-based sustainable development initiatives aimed at establishing socioeconomic self-sufficiency in the region.

He was an advocate and promoter of literacy and higher education, which became his lifelong pursuit—as District Representative in Native Local Council of North Nyanza he spearheaded the creation of a secular schooling system to rival mission schools.[29]

Soldier

He was a veteran of World War I and World War II, a frontline foot soldier in the British Army's King's African Rifles (KAR) regiment, stationed in Burma during the second world war.[30]

A photograph of Esau's wife Evangeline Olukhanya Ohana-Oriedo Khamati c. 1960s in Kenya

Timeline of key event in his life

CATEGORY EVENT
Personal Life
  1. Born circa 1888 – Ebwali village, the Republic of Kenya—formerly North Kavirondo in the colonial African territory governed by Imperial British East Africa Company the forerunner to the East Africa Protectorate. He lost his father early in life and had to craft his way through life as an orphan to become a self-made man who was respected by his peers and revered by his country.
  2. Died 1 December, 1992 – Iboona Village, Republic of Kenya.
  3. Remains interred – Iboona Village, Western province of Republic of Kenya.
  4. Education & training – a self-educated and multilingual scholar of British law, commerce, Christian theology, and British military tactics.
  5. Married on 29 September, 1923 – Church of God's Kima Mission, at Kima.
  6. Spouse – Evangeline Olukhanya Ohana-Oriedo (d. 11 July 1982); a colonial and postcolonial era women's rights crusader.
  7. Family – He was a devout family man; he and his wife Evangeline had ten children of whom seven survived into adulthood.
  • Diane Trufosa Ongoche Nyabul (d. 1977)— primary school teacher
  • Dr. Blasio Vincent Oriedo (d. 1966) – laureate and pioneering parasitological epidemiologist in the study, control, and eradication of infectious and tropical diseases in Africa;
  • Dorcas Ayieta Anambo (d. 2002)— Registered Nurse & businesswoman
  • Norman S. Oriedo – bookkeeper
  • Dr. Micah Atsiaya Oriedo – physicist, environmentalist, scholar/professor and philanthropist
  • Malik Kenbellah Oriedo
  • Judith Ong'ayo Oriedo-Shiraku – the first woman graduate of the East and Central African School of Public Health.


Freedom Fighter & Advocate for the Rights of Native Peoples
  1. 1944 – the advent of Kenya African Union (KAU) which he joined ca. 1947 after World War II; KAU was an offspring of the trade union(s) in Kenya.[31]
  2. 1953 [freedom fighter] – detained for four harsh years under the emergency rule for his role in the freedom movement.[32]
  3. 1953 – 1957 [detention – endured torture] and the harshest conditions chastened by the British colonial government in Kenya, under the emergency rule.
  4. Was detained alongside Chief Koinange Wa Mbiyu (d. 1960) with whom he became good friends, and a number of Kenyan founding fathers, as well as other key Kenyan figures.
  5. Organizational & leadership skills – as a battle-hardened soldier he honed his organizational & leadership skills which he effectively employed to bring together the diverse Kenyan ethnicities toward a common outcome of Kenyan's independence & the holistic rights of all her peoples.[Note 3]
  6. Trade union organiser [colonial era] – took advantage of ability trade unionising to band together so as to achieve common goals a potently effective catalyst for the pursuit of political empowerment in colonial Kenya. The effectiveness of trade unions as catalysts for socioeconomic and geopolitical transformation caused the colonial government to label trade unions and membership as unwholesome and dangerous agitators—political subversives—veiled as trade union organisations; consequently, the trade unions and its members, and such organisations became targets of persecution by the colonial government using judicially tools and the state of emergency rule and the general provisions of—of the so-called—seditious speeches and acts.[33]
  7. Early 1930s [the onset of the Kakamega Gold Rush] – helped contextualise to Archdeacon Owen, who was a member of Committee on Native Land Tenure in North Kavirondo Reserve (1930), the omnipotent veneration Bantu Kavirondo people (Luhya people) embraced for land as a posterity that extended throughout an indefinite generational vision of natural lineage/heredity.[Note 4][34][35]
  8. 1930s [Bunyore Chieftainship] – successfully advocated for the chieftainship of Bunyore. Before that, Bunyore was still under the jurisdiction of the Paramount Chief, Nabongo Mumia of Wanga (d. 1949).
Politician
  1. 1928 – served as a colonial era district representative in the District House Assembly known as the Local Native Council (LNC) of North Nyanza; one of the 26 countrywide local native legislative units enacted by the colonial government in 1924—one of the two people to serve on the council from Bunyore.
  2. LNC North Nyanza Chairmanship – he subsequently served two different terms as chairman of the Local Native Council of North Nyanza.
  3. 1932 – worked effectively within the mechanism of the LNC for a successful advocacy of establishing secular higher education facilities—and other socioeconomic, sociopolitical, and health care causes.[Note 5]
  4. 1930–52 [Kakamega Gold Rush] – as chairman and member of the North Nyanza LNC, he joined with other Luhya (Kavirondo-Bantu) leaders and activists to advocate for the Luhya (Kavirondo-Bantu) land rights.[36]
  5. 1963 [postcolonial era] – was elected to represent Emuhaya electoral area as councillor in the County Council of Kakamega District, present-day Western Province.
    [Note 6]
  6. 1970 – voluntarily retired from active politics.
Trade Unionist He was one of the key members of the original trade-union movement in Kenya which advocated for fair wages; employment conditions and housing for African workers. Trade-union movement was the catalytic impetus of the political movement; the Kenya African Union which later became Kenyan African National Union (KANU) is a direct descendant of trade-union movement in Kenya.

He advocated for the unionisation of African mine workers as a non-violent effective approach to fighting for their rights through collective bargaining campaign, and implored the North Nyanza LNC to support the unionisation approach, but was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, endeavoured to bring attention and awareness of sympathetic Britons to plight of the native Africans; the plight brought about by the Kakamega Gold Rush of 1930–52.

His efforts and others akin to it were deemed by colonial authorities as antigovernment sedition or rabblerousing and were posthaste outlawed.[37]

  1. He was a member of the multiethnic Kisumu Chamber of Commerce founded in 1927 by the Kavirondo Taxpayers Welfare Association (founded in 1923) under the leadership of Zablon Aduwo Nanyonje.[38]
  2. 1930s — was a founding member of North Kavirondo Chamber of Commerce to lobby for the growing number of African retail traders, including himself.[39]
  3. Was a member of Kenya African Union (KAU) political party which was formed in 1944 while he was fighting abroad during World War II 1944; KAU was banned in 1953 during the Mau Mau rebellion.[40]
  4. 1930–52 [Kakamega Gold Rush] – lobbied the North Nyanza Local Native Council to support the unionisation approach of African mine workers as a non-violent effective approach to fighting for their rights through collective bargaining campaign. He endeavoured tirelessly to bring attention and awareness of sympathetic Britons to plight of the native Africans; the plight brought about by the Kakamega Gold Rush of 1930–52.[41][42]
  5. His role as an effective trade unionist made him and fellow trade-union members targets of persecution by the colonial government using judicially tools and the state of emergency rule and the general provisions of—of the so-called—seditious speeches and acts.[43]
  6. June 1964 — a spearheaded the founding of the Bunyore Branch of Kenya Chamber of Commerce and Industry.[44]
Philanthropist Led by example and was an inspirational role model to many Kenyans across ethnicities, geopolitical and economic spectra; he provided many, and of course his siblings, with formal educational opportunities to attain their highest possible potential.[45][Note 7]

He gave property to his kinfolks, donated funds to business enterprises, to church organisations and to charity. He ensured that his relatives as well as his friends received education to literate and numerate, and achieved apprentice skills.

  1. 1923 [ceded funds and property] – he spearheaded the founding of Ebwali St. John's Anglican at Bunyore, Kakamega District (presently, Vihiga district) in Kenya; he ceded funds and property to the church.
  2. 1923 [ceded funds and property, and established bursaries] – helped spearhead the founding of Ebwali Primary School, providing bursaries and other kinds of financial support to help promote the welfare of those in need.
  3. Advocate of literacy and higher education [among the native African population] – as District Representative in Native Local Council of North Nyanza he spearheaded the creation of a secular schooling system to rival mission schools.
  4. Academic bursaries – awarded a multitude of diverse bursaries to many across ethnicities. Recipients include numerous Kenyan luminaries such as Tom Mboya (d. 5 July 1969) and other key influencers in Kenyan's development during colonial and postcolonial eras.
  5. 1964 – founded Oriedo Self Help Society—six months after Kenya gained her independence from Britain.[46]
  6. Postcolonial era — campaigned for a comprehensive free & compulsory education in post-independence Kenya.
Soldier He was a veteran of the First and the Second World Wars as a soldier in the King's African Rifle (KAR)
  1. 1914–1918 – participated in the British Army's 1st KAR operations in British East Africa during World War I—he was a porter and a mess hall cook, initially, but saw limited action at the close of the war.
  2. 1939 – was a soldier in the British Army's KAR during the Second World War
  3. 1943 – was a member of the 11th (East Africa) Division which was formed the same year and sent to fight in Burma—the present day Republic of the Union of Myanmar—where he served as a frontline infantryman.
Religious Scholar and Activist He was fascinated with theological comparative grasp of the similarities and contrasts between Christianity and traditional African heritage, and religious practices of other cultures; a quest that led to his exhaustive study of the bible and other related literary works.
  1. Early 20th century – credited among those Africans whose efforts effectuated successful amelioration and headway of the modern Christian church into Africa's interior, from 1450 – 1950.
  2. 1910/20 – was one of a handful of principal Africans, which included Chief Otieno Andala, in the founding of the Church of God Kima Mission, founded in 1904.
  3. 1923 – singlehandedly altered the Christian church landscape in Bunyore, North Nyanza; he was an effective crusader against the inimical censorious stance of the colonial Christian church and the missionaries in Kenya, and her mission sponsors abroad towards the African culture.
  4. 1924 – spearheaded the foundation of St. John's Anglican Church at Ebwali.
  5. A devout Christian advocate of religious tolerance & inclusion – challenged the colonial era Christian church and white missionary establishment in Kenya to embrace the traditional African heritage.
  6. Syncretism of Christianity and African values – sought to integrate the duality of Africanism (he was staunch advocate of his African heritage) with Christianity and the socioeconomic technological eminence of the Europeans.[Note 8]
Entrepreneur He was a successful entrepreneur—a merchant and commercial miller with business enterprises across the country—North Nyanza, South Nyanza, and Central Provinces (Western, Nyanza, & Central provinces of Republic of Kenya; colonial era British Colony and Protectorate of Kenya).

Founded Oriedo, Esau & Sons trading company with multiply diverse business units. He established one of the most effective business supply chain and brokerage infrastructure.[47]

As a businessman he developed close and effective business partnerships and social friendships with the Kenyan Indian/Asian communities, including speaking Hindi with adequate reading & writing skills. Worthwhile to note that Indian merchants contributed immensely to economic development in colonial and postcolonial east Africa, albeit monopolising trade in the region.[48][49]

  1. 1938 — operated, as an outright sole owner, the first commercial scale grain Mill in North and South Nyanza provinces (present day Western & Nyanza provinces, respectively, in the Republic of Kenya) in British Colony and Protectorate of Kenya.
  2. June 1964 — founding member of Kenya Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Bunyore Branch; which he spearheaded.
  3. 1981 — was recognised accordingly by US Agency for International Development on agro-industrial enterprises in Kenya.[50]
Legal Advocate He made effective use of his knowledge of British Judicature of Acts to provide legal representation and advocacy to trade unions and its members, and other native African organisations being targeted for persecution by the colonial government as political subversives.
  1. Colonial-era court clerk & interpreter – He was multi-lingual, capable of speaking and writing (in) several languages. Because of this talent he was chosen by the British judiciary to become a court interpreter through which he acquired considerable knowledge and skills in the British legal system.[51]
  2. Provided free legal representation and advocacy to Africans charged with political crimes — provided legal representation & advocacy to Africans in Kenya charged with political crimes by the British colonial government in Kenya under the state of emergency rule and the general provisions of seditious speeches and acts.

Notes

  1. ↑ The wedding reception triggered unmitigated controversy and condemnation from the Rev. H. C. Kramer (the matrimonial service officiant) and the mission's home office in United States of America, Anderson, Indiana; who denounced the reception as sacrilegious, and demanded the act of penitence. A disappointed Esau Khamati, the "inquisitor" and advocate of religious inclusiveness, regarded the demands for contrition as an act of religious servitude aimed at the African society; the very same society which he argued had been instrumental in the success of the Church of God mission in the region. He emphatically asserted that he and his wife were pious Christians, created by God in His own image of familial African birthright. Rather than acquiesce, the newlywed couple persuaded other members to resign from the Church of God, and in 1923 with blessings of the British Anglican Archdeacon Walter Edwin Owen – the British Anglican Archdioceses of Kavirondo (colony of Kenya), and British East African Protectorate of Uganda – became the founder of Ebwali St. John Anglican church in 1923 (the evolution of the three modern era Maseno Dioceses of the Anglican Church of Kenya). He forsook the Church of God and successfully campaigned for the Christian Missionary Society; consequently, the dominance of the Church of God in region came to an end in 1924, when the region became the pillar of strength of the Anglican Church. In 1954 Rev. Daudi Otieno of the Church of God Kima Mission and the Anderson, Indiana mission head office honored Mr. & Mrs. Esau Khamati Oriedo in recognition of their previous contribution to the Church of God Mission, Kima Bunyore Mission and their continued proselytizing of Christianity in Bunyore and the rest of Nyanza province; the Church of God, Anderson, Indiana and her Kima mission formally recognized the Christian wedding. This ex post facto acknowledgement, of Mr. and Mrs. Esau Khamati Oriedo's matrimony and stewardship to the church and Christianity, ushered in the beginning of a metamorphosis of the Church of God Mission' embrace of a more open attitude towards syncretism of the Christian doctrine with customary indigenous African values, which facilitated the effectiveness of the church's teachings.
  2. ↑ The KAU was founded in 1944 and was chartered with fighting for Kenya's autonomy via peaceable but stolid rebellion against colonial rule. The KAU was an offspring of the trade union movement in Kenya and a forerunner to the Kenya African National Union (KANU). Despite the organization's proscription in 1952 by the British colonial government, former KAU members and leaders led successful peaceful negotiations which resulted in Kenya's independence.
  3. ↑ A battle-hardened soldier and a student of the British military strategies, he developed a profound appreciation for and understanding of nationhood—organizing the different native African population in the British Colony and Protectorate of Kenya into a single nation by aggregating and embracing her diverse ethnicities; he saw how soldiers from different races and ethnicities, and units fighting under the British banner were effectively leveraged in successfully attaining common military interests. The enlightenment lay bare to him that European culture as embodied in their military strategies was akin to his own traditional African culture of communalism teamwork to attain a common purpose. He espoused the amalgamation of the native African cause(s) and nationalism, cognizing that these constituents were indissoluble—you could not advocate for one without the other.
  4. ↑ This was in consequence to which, not only, was the colonial system of reservations troublesome to the Bantu Kavirondo people, but then again, to implement the flawed recommendations contained in the report by Committee on Native Land Tenure in North Kavirondo Reserve—which included fiscal policy provisions that mandated land registration and corresponding registration fees and other forms of levies—was futile; the Bantu Kavirondo people viewed such stipulation as a tyrannical subjugation whose implication(s) inferred that their land—the land of their forefathers—was being claimed by the imperial and colonial authorities and their native cronies. An act which hoisted the imperial and colonial authorities and their native cronies to landlords; whereas, consigning the native Africans of North Kavirondo to a class of squatter or tenant denizens on their own lands, a feat that tradition obliged be met with perspicuous contemptuous resistance.
  5. ↑ Whereas, the initial intent of enacting Local Native Councils—by the colonial government—was not empowerment self-determination; however, by 1930s the Local Native Council of North Nyanza was making important decisions to steer her own course of action towards establishing important infrastructures to support African. For instance, establishing secular higher education facilities, agricultural transformation in North Nyanza, free commerce and economic system, healthcare systems, roads, an inclusive sociopolitical process, etc.
  6. ↑ He served multiple terms as a councilor—an elected member of Kakamega County Council; County Councils were local political governing federations of the newly restructured country, the Republic of Kenya.
  7. ↑ His younger brother, Bernard W. A. Oriedo (d. 20 January 1983), was such benefactor—of his academic bursaries and purposeful championing of formal education in colonial era Kenya—who took full advantage of the opportunity, gifted him by his elder brother, to attain his highest possible potential and became a very accomplished pharmacist. Also, Bernard was amongst a handful of native Kenyans of his generation (in the second decade of the 20th century) to be awarded an equivalent of today’s college diploma, in healthcare profession; three years after independence, Bernard was appointed to a nationwide post of Children’s Officer—one of the highest levels of civil service at the time—by former President Daniel T. Arap Moi, who was then the Minister for Home Affairs.
  8. ↑ An embodiment of his embrace of this duality is his own wedding in 1923 which blended a Christian service at Kima mission with a traditional African reception at Ebwali village. The church wedding was presided over by H. C. Kramer the head of Church of God Anderson, Indiana Kima Mission at Kima in present-day Bunyore, Kenya which—to the chagrin of Church of God missionary. The original Church of God Mission, Kima Bunyore Mission "Certificate of Marriage" issued ex post facto to Mr. and Mrs. Esau Khamati Oriedo on 12 November 1954 (signed by Rev. Daudi Otieno); in recognition of Mr. & Mrs. Oriedo's previous contribution to the Church of God Mission, Kima Bunyore Mission and their continued proselytizing of Christianity in Bunyore and the rest of Nyanza province. This ex post facto acknowledgement, of Mr. and Mrs. Esau Khamati Oriedo's matrimony and stewardship to the church and Christianity, ushered in the beginning of a metamorphosis of the Church of God Mission' embrace of a more open attitude towards syncretism of the Christian doctrine with customary indigenous African values, which facilitated the effectiveness of the church's teachings.

References

  1. ↑ Hastings, Adrian (1995). The Church in Africa, 1450–1950. London: Oxford University Press.
  2. ↑ Hastings, Adrian. The Church in Africa, 1450–1950. London: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  3. ↑ Anderson University and Church of God. "Church of God (Anderson, Ind.) Missionary Board. Missionary Board correspondence. [ca. 1915]-1985." Anderson University and Church of God Archives. Anderson: Anderson University and Church of God Archives, 1994.
  4. ↑ The original Church of God Mission, Kima Bunyore Mission “Certificate of Marriage” issued ex post facto to Mr. and Mrs. Esau Khamati Oriedo on 12 November 1954 (signed by Rev. Daudi Otieno), in recognition of Mr. & Mrs. Oriedo’s previous contribution to the Church of God Mission, Kima Bunyore Mission and their continued proselytizing of Christianity in Bunyore and the rest of Nyanza province.
  5. ↑ British Colonial Office of The Government of Great Britain, The Crown. Colonial Reports—Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the Kenya Colony And Protectorate, 1931. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1931.
  6. ↑ Colonial Reports: The Official Gazette of The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 10 June 1925.
  7. ↑ The Resident Natives Ordinance, Ord 19 of 1924. Kenya Gazette, 16 October 1924.
  8. ↑ Revenue, O. "African Affairs." Oxyford Journals (1949): 311–317
  9. ↑ The Government of Kenya. "Kakamega County Council Elected Members." Kanya Gazette. Vol. 68. 6. Nairobi: Official Publication of the Government of the Republic of Kenya, 8 February 1966.
  10. ↑ The Republic of Kenya. "Kakamega County Council Elections." The Kenyan Gazette (1966): 151.
  11. ↑ Spencer, Leon P. "Christianity and Colonial Protest: Perceptions of W. E. Owen, Archdeacon of Kavirondo." Journal of Religion in Africa 13.1 (1982): 47–60. Electronic/Internet. 11 August 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1581117>.
  12. ↑ Hastings, Adrian. The Church in Africa, 1450–1950. London: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  13. ↑ The Anglican Church of Kenya. About Anglican Church of Kenya: Church History. n.d. Web. 26 July 2013. <http://www.ackenya.org/ack/history.html>.
  14. ↑ Kima Church of God Mission. "Church Archival Records." Kima, Bunyore, ca. 1915 – 1985.
  15. ↑ Hastings, Adrian. The Church in Africa, 1450–1950. London: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  16. ↑ Anderson University and Church of God. "Church of God (Anderson, Ind.) Missionary Board. Missionary Board correspondence. [ca. 1915]-1985." Anderson University and Church of God Archives. Anderson: Anderson University and Church of God Archives, 1994.
  17. ↑ Great Britain. East Africa Royal Commission, Great Britain. Parliament, Great Britain. Colonial Office. East Africa Royal Commission 1953–1955 report. Great Britain: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1955.
  18. ↑ Singh, Makhan. History of Kenya's trade union movement, to 1952. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1969.
  19. ↑ Solomon, Alan C. and Lohrentz, Kenneth P., "Guide to Nyanza Province Microfilm Collection, Kenya National Archives, Part III: Section 10, Daily Correspondence and Reports, 1930–1963, Vol. II" (1975). Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs – Former Departments, Centers, Institutes and Projects. Paper 1.
  20. ↑ Solomon, Alan C., "Guide to Nyanza Province Microfilm Collection, Kenya National Archives, Part II: Section 10A, Correspondence and Reports, 1899–1942" (1974). Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs – Former Departments, Centers, Institutes and Projects. Paper 3.
  21. ↑ Solomon, Alan C. and Crosby, C. A., "Guide to Nyanza Province Microfilm Collection, Kenya National Archives, Part I: Section 10B,Correspondence and Reports 1925–1960" (1974). Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs – Former Departments, Centers,Institutes and Projects. Paper 4.
  22. ↑ Kenya. Committee on Native Land Tenure in the North Kavirondo Reserve. Committee on Native Land Tenure in the North Kavirondo Reserve. Socioeconomic & Political History. Nairobi: Printed by the Government Printer, 1932. Hardcopy.
  23. ↑ Anderson, David M. "Master and Servant in Colonial Kenya." The Journal of African History 41.3 (2000): 459–485.
  24. ↑ R. D. McLaren, Assistant Registrar of Societies, Government of Kenya. "Notice of Registered Societies." Kenya Gazette. Nairobi: Official Publication of the Government of the Republic of Kenya, 13 March 1964.
  25. ↑ Benjamin N. Lawrance, Emily Lynn Osborn, and Richard L. Roberts. "Intermediaries, Interpreters, and Clerks: African Employees in the Making of Colonial Africa." Benjamin N. Lawrance, Emily Lynn Osborn, and Richard L. Roberts. Intermediaries, Interpreters, and Clerks: African Employees in the Making of Colonial Africa. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. 189.
  26. ↑ United States Agency for International Aid (USAID). pdf documents: PNAAM016.pdf. 1 July 2013. <http://www.usaid.gov>.
  27. ↑ Devres, Inc. Technology and Management Needs of Small and Medium Agro-Industrial and Enterprises in Kenya: Implication for An International Agro-Industrial Service Center. United States Government. Washington, D.C.: United States Agency for International Development (U.S.A.I.D.), 1981.
  28. ↑ R. D. McLaren, Assistant Registrar of Societies, Government of Kenya. "Notice of Registered Societies." Kenya Gazette. Nairobi: Official Publication of the Government of the Republic of Kenya, 13 March 1964.
  29. ↑ Mukudi, Edith Sumba Wanyama. Thesis (M.Ed) – Kenyatta university: African contribution to the growth of secular education in North Nyanza, 1920–1945. Nairobi: Kenyatta university, 1989.
  30. ↑ Brands, Hal. "Wartime Recruiting Practices, Martial Identity and Post-world War II Demobilization in Colonial Kenya." Journal of African History 46.1 (2005): 103–125.
  31. ↑ Lonsdale, John. Journal of African Cultural Studies:KAU's Cultures: Imaginations of Community and Constructions of Leadership in Kenya after the Second World War. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis, LTD., 2000.
  32. ↑ "East Africa Royal Commission 1953–1955 report." Great Britain. East Africa Royal Commission, Great Britain. Parliament, Great Britain. Colonial Office. Printed by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1955.
  33. ↑ Anthony Clayton, Donald Cockfield Savage. Government and Labour in Kenya 1895–1963. Routledge: Frank Cass and Company LTD, 1974.
  34. ↑ KENYA. Committee on Native Land Tenure in the North Kavirondo Reserve. Committee on Native Land Tenure in the North Kavirondo Reserve. Socioeconomic & Political History. Nairobi: Printed by the Government Printer, 1932.
  35. ↑ Owen, W.E. "The Bantu of Kavirondo." 1932.
  36. ↑ The National Archives-United Kingdom. The Kenya Land Commission Report. Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies. His Britannic Majesty's Government (United Kingdom). London: His Britannic Majesty's Government (United Kingdom), 1934. Electronic. 15 August 2013.
  37. ↑ Anderson, David M. "Master and Servant in Colonial Kenya." The Journal of African History 41.3 (2000): 459–485.
  38. ↑ E. S. Atieno Odhiambo, John Lonsdale. Mau Mau & Nationhood: Arms, Authority & Narration. Ohio State University Press, 2003.
  39. ↑ E. S. Atieno Odhiambo, John Lonsdale. Mau Mau & Nationhood: Arms, Authority & Narration. Ohio State University Press, 2003.
  40. ↑ Lonsdale, J. (2000). Journal of African Cultural Studies: KAU's Cultures: Imaginations of Community and Constructions of Leadership in Kenya after the Second World War. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
  41. ↑ KENYA. Committee on Native Land Tenure in the North Kavirondo Reserve. Committee on Native Land Tenure in the North Kavirondo Reserve. Socioeconomic & Political History. Nairobi: Printed by the Government Printer, 1932.
  42. ↑ Owen, W.E. "The Bantu of Kavirondo." 1932.
  43. ↑ Anthony Clayton, Donald Cockfield Savage. Government and Labour in Kenya 1895–1963. Routledge: Frank Cass and Company LTD, 1974
  44. ↑ R. D. McLaren, Assistant Registrar of Societies, Government of Kenya. "Notice of Registered Societies." Kenya Gazette. Nairobi: Official Publication of the Government of the Republic of Kenya, 13 March 1964.
  45. ↑ Republic of Kenya. "Appointments by D. T. Arap Moi, Minister for Home Affairs: Children's Officers, Ministry of Home Affairs." The Kenya Gazette. Nairobi: The Government of The Republic of Kenya, 15 February 1966.
  46. ↑ R. D. McLaren, A. R. (13 March 1964). Notice of Registered Societies. Kenya Gazette. Nairobi, Kenya: Official Publication of the Government of the Republic of Kenya
  47. ↑ Devres, Inc. Technology and Management Needs of Small and Medium Agro-Industrial and Enterprises in Kenya: Implication for An International Agro-Industrial Service Center. United States Government. Washington, D.C.: United States Agency for International Development (U.S.A.I.D.), 1981.
  48. ↑ David Himbara, “Kenyan Capitalists, the State, and Development: Businessmen” (East African Publishers, 1994).
  49. ↑ J. S. Mangat, “A History of the Asians in East Africa—c. 1886–1945” (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969)
  50. ↑ Devres, Inc. (1981). “Technology and Management Needs of Small and Medium Agro-Industrial and Enterprises in Kenya: Implication for An International Agro-Industrial Service Center.” United States Government, Development Support Bureau. Washington, D.C.: United States Agency for International Development (U.S.A.I.D.).
  51. ↑ Benjamin N. Lawrance, Emily Lynn Osborn, and Richard L. Roberts. "Intermediaries, Interpreters, and Clerks: African Employees in the Making of Colonial Africa." Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.


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