Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Intervention

Endoscopic still of esophageal ulcers seen after banding of esophageal varices, at time of esophagogastroduodenosocopy
ICD-9-CM 45.13
MeSH D016145
OPS-301 code 1-631, 1-632

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (also spelled oesophagogastroduodenoscopy; /iˌsoʊfəɡoʊˌɡæstroʊˌdjuːoʊdᵻˈnɒskoʊpi/) (EGD), also called by various other names, is a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualizes the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract up to the duodenum. It is considered a minimally invasive procedure since it does not require an incision into one of the major body cavities and does not require any significant recovery after the procedure (unless sedation or anesthesia has been used). However, a sore throat is common.[1][2][3]

Alternative names

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is also called panendoscopy (PES) and upper GI endoscopy. It is also often called just upper endoscopy or even just endoscopy; because EGD is the most commonly performed type of endoscopy, the ambiguous term endoscopy refers to EGD by default. The term gastroscopy literally focuses on the stomach alone, but in practice the usage overlaps.

Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy may be abbreviated as OGD in the UK.

Indications

Diagnostic

Surveillance

Confirmation of diagnosis/biopsy

Therapeutic

Newer interventions

Equipment

Procedure

Tip of endoscope should be lubricated and checked for critical functions including: tip angulations, air and water suction, and image quality.

The patient is kept NPO (Nil per os) or NBM (Nothing By Mouth) that is, told not to eat, for at least 4 hours before the procedure. Most patients tolerate the procedure with only topical anesthesia of the oropharynx using lidocaine spray. However, some patients may need sedation and the very anxious/agitated patient may even need a general anesthetic. Informed consent is obtained before the procedure. The main risks are bleeding and perforation. The risk is increased when a biopsy or other intervention is performed.

The patient lies on his/her left side with the head resting comfortably on a pillow. A mouth-guard is placed between the teeth to prevent the patient from biting on the endoscope. The endoscope is then passed over the tongue and into the oropharynx. This is the most uncomfortable stage for the patient. Quick and gentle manipulation under vision guides the endoscope into the esophagus. The endoscope is gradually advanced down the esophagus making note of any pathology. Excessive insufflation of the stomach is avoided at this stage. The endoscope is quickly passed through the stomach and through the pylorus to examine the first and second parts of the duodenum. Once this has been completed, the endoscope is withdrawn into the stomach and a more thorough examination is performed including a J-maneuver. This involves retroflexing the tip of the scope so it resembles a 'J' shape in order to examine the fundus and gastroesophageal junction. Any additional procedures are performed at this stage. The air in the stomach is aspirated before removing the endoscope. Still photographs can be made during the procedure and later shown to the patient to help explain any findings.

In its most basic use, the endoscope is used to inspect the internal anatomy of the digestive tract. Often inspection alone is sufficient, but biopsy is a very valuable adjunct to endoscopy. Small biopsies can be made with a pincer (biopsy forceps) which is passed through the scope and allows sampling of 1 to 3 mm pieces of tissue under direct vision. The intestinal mucosa heals quickly from such biopsies.

Biopsy allows the pathologist to render an opinion on later histologic examination of the biopsy tissue with light microscopy, alone or in conjunction with immunohistochemistry. A Campylobacter-like organism (CLO) test, a rapid diagnostic test for secreted urease that allows for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori, can also be performed on the biopsied material.

Complications

The complication rate is about 1 in 1000.[4] They include:

Limitations

Problems of gastrointestinal function are usually not well diagnosed by endoscopy since motion or secretion of the gastrointestinal tract are not easily inspected by EGD. Nonetheless, findings such as excess fluid or poor motion of gut during endoscopy can be suggestive of disorders of function. Irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia is not diagnosed with EGD, but EGD may be helpful in excluding other diseases that mimic these common disorders.

Additional images

See also

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Sunday, April 17, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.