Ezriel Carlebach

Azriel Carlebach

Azriel Carlebach, 1942
Native name עזריאל קרליבך
Born Esriel Gotthelf Carlebach
November 7, 1909
Leipzig, German Empire
Died February 12, 1956(1956-02-12) (aged 46)
Tel Aviv, Israel
Citizenship Israeli
Education Doctor of Law
Alma mater Frederick William University of Berlin, University of Hamburg
Occupation Journalist and editorial writer

Ezriel Carlebach (also Azriel; born Esriel Gotthelf Carlebach, Hebrew: עזריאל קרליבך‎, Yiddish: עזריאל קארלעבאך‎; November 7, 1909 – February 12, 1956) was a prominent journalist and editorial writer during the period of Jewish settlement in Palestine and during the early days of the state of Israel. He was the first editor of Israel's two largest newspapers, beginning with Yediot Ahronot, which he left to found Ma'ariv.

Biography

Ezriel Carlebach was born in the city of Leipzig, Germany, in 1909; descendant of a family of rabbis. His parents were Gertrud Jakoby and Ephraim Carlebach (1879–1936), a rabbi and founder of Höhere Israelitische Schule in Leipzig. Ezriel had two sisters, Hanna, Rachel (Shemut) and Cilly, and two brothers, David and Joseph (Yotti).[1]

In Lithuania and Palestine (1926–29)

He studied at two yeshivot in Lithuania. First at the Slobodka yeshiva in Kaunas' suburb Slobodka (now Kaunas-Vilijampolė), then with Rabbi Joseph Leib Bloch at the Rabbinical College of Telshe (Hebrew: Yeshivat Telz ישיבת טלז‎) in Telšiai. He recalled this time in two articles in the journal Menorah.[2]

In 1927 he immigrated to Palestine, there learning in Abraham Isaac Kook's Mercaz haRav yeshiva, though afterwards becoming secular. In Jerusalem, one family regularly invited him – as usual for Talmud students – on Shabbat for a free meal. His host had a son, Józef Grawicki, who worked in Warsaw as Sejm-correspondent for the Yiddish daily Haynt (הײַנט, also Hajnt, Engl.: Today).

Once on his way for a visit in Germany, Carlebach stopped by in Warsaw, which he had long wanted to see. There he visited Józef Grawicki, as recommended by the father. They got to know each other and Grawicki, hearing about Carlebach's literary work, encouraged Carlebach to write for Haynt in Yiddish. Carlebach felt quite a challenge and accepted. He wrote, among others, on the conflict between the Zionist Rabbi Abraham Kook and the anti-Zionist Rabbi Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld in Jerusalem.

Carlebach's name wasn't unknown in Warsaw, since three uncles of Ezriel Carlebach, Emanuel Carlebach (1874–1927) and Leopold Rosenak (1868–1923; an uncle by marriage), both Field Rabbis of the imperial German Army, and the educator Rabbi Joseph Carlebach, who was assigned to them in 1915, were active in promoting German culture among the Jews in Lithuania and Poland during the German occupation (1915–1918). Erich Ludendorff's intention was to evoke pro-German attitudes among Jews, in order to prepare the installation of a Polish and a Lithuanian state dependent on Germany. Part of the effort was the establishment of Jewish newspapers (e.g. the folkist Warszawer Togblat ווארשאווער טאָגבלאט), of Jewish organisations (e.g. Emanuel Carlebach initiated in Łomża the foundation of the Hassidic umbrella organisation Agudas Yisroel of Poland, part of a non-Zionist movement founded in Germany in 1912) and of modern educational institutions of Jewish alignment. Joseph Carlebach founded the partly German-language Jüdisches Realgymnasium גימנזיום עברי in Kaunas and directed it until 1919. Carlebach's uncles mostly came down for Hassidim and faced Zionists rather critically. Thus the name Carlebach sounded rather suspicious in the ears of Haynt's audience.

In Germany (1929–33)

As from 1929 on Carlebach lived again in Germany and studied in the Frederick William University of Berlin and the University of Hamburg, receiving a degree as a doctor of law. At that time Carlebach continued to write for Israelitisches Familienblatt, ensuring his livelihood. When Haynt, stricken by a strike, asked for help, Carlebach complied and sent articles from Germany without payment.

Haynt later requited by financing Carlebach's extensive expeditions. He explored Jewish communities all over Europe and the Mediterranean, covering communities like the Lithuanian Karaites, Sephardi Jews of Thessaloniki (to be later almost completely extinguished by the Nazi occupants), Maghrebian Mizrahi Jews, Yemenite Teimanim, and the crypto-Jewish Dönmeh (Sabbateans) in Turkey as well as Mallorquin Conversos, some of whom he detected while travelling. Carlebach sent regular reports to Haynt, which later became the basis for a book.[3] He also wrote a series of articles describing his travels through Germany, including an encounter with an anti-Semitic gang which left him severely beaten.

In June 1931 a publishing house in Leipzig, Deutsche Buchwerkstätten, awarded him its novelist prize of the year, which he shared with Alexander von Keller. Carlebach's prizewinning novel is set in the Jewish quarter of Jerusalem's old town.[4]

He also worked as a free-lance journalist for newspapers such as the Hebrew Haaretz,[5] and starting in 1931 – under a permanent appointment – with the Hamburg-based Israelitisches Familienblatt.[6] This paper presented in its cultural insert music, performing and visual art by examples of creative works by Jewish artists. Four to five evenings of the week Carlebach went to the theatre and afterwards composed his reviews, dictating them – freely phrasing – to his assistant Ruth Heinsohn, who right away typed them.

In summer 1932 – again financed by Haynt – he travelled to the USSR, among others to Crimea and Birobidzhan, in order to give an account of Jewish life under communist reign. In his report ('Sowjetjudäa', In: Israelitisches Familienblatt and in Haynt[7]) he came to the conclusion that there were neither the possibilities nor an adequate milieu for a genuine Jewish life.

Albert Einstein occasionally brought the Sowjetjudäa series up for discussions, so that they had a much broader response than usual. Especially adversaries of Hitler, who relied on the USSR and who naïvely or willfully downplayed the crimes there, were incited to rimunate or to be angry with Carlebach. He assessed the broad controversy on the subject being a journalistic success.[8]

"The articles brought forth a flurry of anonymous threatening letters and a vile pamphlet attack upon him from Hamburg's 'Jewish Workers' Study Group.'"[9] The camouflage name of this group (in German: Arbeitsgemeinschaft jüdischer Werktätiger, Hamburg) aimed at rather disguising the harassing of Carlebach, the avowed Jew, by the Communist Youth Federation, section Hamburg.

On the night of January 3, 1933, the harassment culminated in an assassination attempt. A gunshot cut through his hat just luckily missing him.[10] Carlebach fell over, got concussed and lost consciousness. The police found him later senseless. Israelitisches Familienblatt offered a reward of 2,000 reichsmarks for the capture of the person who did it. By February he had recovered so far that he could resume his work for Israelitisches Familienblatt. Soon after he moved to Berlin.

Such experience notwithstanding he didn't quail to attack Nazism. Earlier Carlebach had unveiled, that Joseph Goebbels, who so vehemently defamed Jews and their alleged detrimental influence, had studied with Jewish professors, whom he owed his scholarship at that time.

Right after the Nazis' Machtergreifung Carlebach got arrested. He attributed his arrest to Goebbels, who resented Carlebach for unveiling facts from the times, when Goebbels was still studying.[8] Carlebach was lucky, since the prison guards hadn't yet been brought into dictatorial line and still clung to constitutional practices. He was released from custody, because no judicial warrant existed. Just out of prison, Carlebach had to go into hiding, for the Nazis meanwhile noticed, that he had been released, and started to search for him.

He found aides, who provided him with a hideout and forged papers. In order to move about freely in the streets of Berlin, Carlebach ran a high risk, dyed his hair and dressed in an SA uniform.[11] In such venturesome ways he monitored from within how Nazism tightened its power in Germany and wrote daily articles, which appeared in Haynt in Warsaw under the pseudonym Levi Gotthelf (לוי גאָטהעלף).

On May 10, 1933, he incognito attended as an observer the central book-burning on Opernplatz in Berlin, where also his books were thrown into the fires. Meanwhile, Haynt strove to get Carlebach out of the country. Finally – bearing the counterfeited papers of an Upper Silesian coal miner – aides smuggled him over the border close to city of Katowice in the then Polish part of Upper Silesia.

In Poland and Great Britain (1933–37)

Carlebach's series of articles, being the first inside story on the Nazis' takeover, appeared in Haynt and was republished in Forwerts (פֿאָרווערטס) in New York. In concert with the Zionist Jehoszua Gottlieb,[12] the folkist journalist Saul Stupnicki[13] (Chief editor of Lubliner Tugblat לובלינער טאָגבלאט) and others Carlebach organised in Poland a countrywide series of lectures named Literary Judgments on Germany. The German ambassador to Poland, Hans-Adolf von Moltke, attended the start lecture in Warsaw, sitting in the first line.

Carlebach was then permanently appointed at modest salary with Haynt, whose articles – like that one on 'The anti-Semitic International'[14] (of Nuremberg) reappeared in other newspapers such as Nowy Dziennik in Cracow, Chwila in Lwów, Di Yidishe Shtime (די יידישע שטימע) in Kaunas, Frimorgn (פֿרימאָרגן) in Riga and Forverts in New York.

Living in Polish exile he got onto the second list (March 29, 1934)[15] of Germans, which were arbitrarily officially denaturalised according to a new law, which also ensued the seizure of all his property in Germany.

In the years 1933 and 1934 Carlebach almost incessantly travelled for Haynt to report, among others, from the Zionist Congress, the International Congress of National Minorities and from Goebbels' speech held as German main delegate at the League of Nations in Geneva on September 29, 1933. His speech An Appeal to the Nations was an éclat and the subsequent press conference accordingly well attended. Nevertheless, on the sidelines Carlebach and Goebbels had a sharp argument on co-operatives exemplified by the newspaper company Haynt.[16]

Carlebach reported, how the Upper Silesian Franz Bernheim succeeded to prompt the League of Nations (Bernheim Petition ) to coerce Germany to abide by the German-Polish Accord on East Silesia. According to that treaty each contractual party guaranteed in its respective part of Upper Silesia equal civil rights for all the inhabitants. So in September 1933 the Reich's Nazi government suspended in Upper Silesia all anti-Semitic discriminations already imposed and excepted the province from all new such invidiousnesses to be decreed, until the Accord expired in May 1937.[17]

In 1935 Carlebach was appointed chief editor of the then still daily Yidishe Post (יידישע פאָסט) in London. But he continued to cover travelling the rest of Europe, except of Germany. In Selbstwehr (Prague) Carlebach published a regular column Tagebuch der Woche (diary of the week). In April 1935 Carlebach called attention to Kurt Schuschnigg's anti-Semitic policy in Austria in an interview with the Federal Chancellor. He adopted an increasingly sharper tone in relation to non-Zionists, whose intentions to stay in Europe, he regarded negligent in view of the development.[18] From 1936 on British policy on Palestine (Peel Commission) stood at the centre of Carlebach's editing.

In Palestine and Israel (1937 on)

In 1937 Carlebach immigrated to Palestine under an appointment as foreign correspondent of Yidishe Post. In the same year he became a journalist at the newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth, afterwards becoming its editor. In early 1939 Carlebach travelled again to Warsaw, meeting with friends there – not knowingly to see many of them for the last time.

In 1948, while chief editor of Yedioth Ahronoth, a disagreement broke out between Carlebach and Yehuda Mozes, owner of the paper. Carlebach and several senior journalists left Yedioth Ahronoth and founded a new newspaper, Yedioth Ma'ariv, which first appeared on February 15, 1948, with Carlebach as its chief editor. After several months, the paper's name was changed to Ma'ariv, to avoid confusion between it and Yedioth Ahronoth.

Ezriel Carlebach edited the Ma'ariv newspaper from its founding until his death in 1956. While he was editor, Ma'ariv became the most widely read newspaper in the country. He is regarded as one of the great journalists of his period.

Carlebach and his paper opposed the Zionist Socialist party government and its head, David Ben-Gurion. He was also a leader in the opposition to the opening of direct negotiations between Israel and Germany after the war, and the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany.

In 1952 after president Chaim Weizmann’s death Carlebach suggested Albert Einstein in a telegram to become Israel's president. Einstein felt honoured but refused, as he told Carlebach in a letter dated November 21, 1952, written in German.

Carlebach deprecated musical censorship as it was demanded by the then Israeli government on the occasion of Jascha Heifetz' tour in Israel: "The education minister, Professor Dinur, requested that no Strauss be played. And the justice minister, Dr. Rosen, seconded that request (despite his different personal views on the identification of an artist with his art). … And he sent that request by special messenger … to Jascha Heifetz in Haifa a short time before the concert. Yet Jascha Heifetz received the request from two ministers of Israel, shoved it into his pocket, said whatever he said about opposing musical censorship – and refused to comply. He played Strauss in Haifa, and afterwards in Tel Aviv as well." [19]

Carlebach was sympathetic towards conciliation between Jewish and Arab Israelis.[20] Under his pseudonym Rav Ipkha Mistabra he published a series of essays and editorials, in Yedioth Ahronoth, Ma'ariv or in Ner, the journal of the Brit Shalom movement (Engl. lit. Covenant of Peace). By and large, however, Carlebach remained skeptic in how far an understanding with avowed representatives of Islam were possible.[21]

Carlebach criticised, that after the verdict of Israel Kasztner the Israeli government appealed the conviction literally overnight, unable to properly examine at all the substantial grounds for the judgment.[22]

In 1954, Carlebach spent a three-week trip in India. "During this visit he met with Nehru and other leaders of the state and the Congress Party."[23] His book about the trip, India: Account of a Voyage,[24] long the only Hebrew book on India, was published in 1956 and became an instant best-seller, appearing in several editions in the years after its initial appearance.

Tommy Lapid recalls, Carlebach "shut himself up in the Dan Hotel and from there he sent us his typewritten pages, ready for the printing press. I was his very young secretary, and I watched, with thirst and surprise, the birth of the book. Carlebach was driven to write the book by a powerful inner force, in a creative endeavour that was almost compulsive. Two months later he was dead, at 48. He left a widow, a daughter, and an orphaned newspaper, and this book – a creative outburst of the greatest journalist who wrote in Hebrew."[25]

Dr. Carlebach died of a heart attack on February 12, 1956, at the age of 47. Thousands attended his last conduct.[26] Especially for his publications issued under the pseudonym Ipkha Mistabra, he is considered to be one of the most talented and influential authors of editorials in Hebrew journalism.[11] In Tel Aviv the street, where the offices of Ma'ariv are located, has later been renamed after Carlebach.

See also

External links

Notes

  1. ↑ Sabine Niemann, Die Carlebachs, eine Rabbinerfamilie aus Deutschland, Ephraim-Carlebach-Stiftung (ed.), Dölling und Galitz Verlag. Hamburg 1995, ISBN 3-926174-99-4, p. 152 (German)
  2. ↑ Esriel Carlebach, 'Das Städtchen (Telschi)', In: Menorah; Jg. 5, Heft 2 (Februar 1927), pp. 105–108 as well as 'Telschi. I. Die Jeschiwah', 4 parts, In: Menorah; Jg. 4, Heft 1 (Januar 1926), pp. 37–44 (= part 1), Heft 2 (Februar 1926), pp. 112–116 (= part 2), Heft 4 (April 1926), pp. 231–35 (= part 3) und Heft 12 (Dezember 1926), pp. 692–694 (= part 4), all available on http://compactmemory.de
  3. ↑ Esriel Carlebach, Exotische Juden. Berichte und Studien (Exotic Jews. Reports and Studies), Welt-Verlag. Berlin 1932, 246 pp. Also translated into Swedish (Esriel Carlebach, 'Judar i Sovjet', Ragna Aberstén-Schiratzki (trl.), In: Judisk tidskrift; vol. 7 (1933), pp. 41–47 and 84–90) and Hungarian: Esriel Carlebach, Exotikus zsidók. Élmények és beszámolók, Is Jehudi (trl.), Magyar Zsidók Pro Palesztina Szövetsége. Budapest 1942, (Javne Könyvek; 7), 114 p.
  4. ↑ 'Literaturpreis für Esriel Carlebach', In: Die Neue Welt (Revue); Jg. 5, Nr. 159, 26. June 1931, p. 11
  5. ↑ E.g. on Hayyim Nahman Bialik, cf. Ezriel Carlebach, 'ביאליק, עורך גלותי בין יהודים' (translit.: Bialik, Orekh Galuti bein Yehudim, Engl.: Bialik, a Diaspora-Author among Jews), In: Ha'Aretz, February 3, 1932, p. 3
  6. ↑ Margaret Edelheim-Muehsam, 'The Jewish Press in Germany', in: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book I (1956), pp. 163–76
  7. ↑ Ezriel Carlebach, 'וואָס האט איך געזען אין סאָוויעט־רוסלאנד: אײַנדריקן פון א רייזע' (Vos hat ikh gezen in Soviet Rusland: Ayndriken fun a reyze), In: Haynt, January 27, p. 6, February 10, p. 6, April 7, 1933, p. 6.
  8. 1 2 Ezriel Carlebach, 'Let Us Remind Ourselves' ['לאָמיר זיך דערמאָנען' (Lomir zikh dermonen; letter to Chaim Finkelstein September/November 1955; Engl.], Mort Lipsitz (trl.), in: Chaim Finkelstein (פֿינקעלשטיין, חיים), Yiddish: הײַנט: א צײַטונג בײַ ײדן, תרס״ח־תרצ״ט (Haynt: a Tsaytung bay Yidn, 668–699, {1908–1939}), Farlag Y.L. Perets (פֿארלאג י.ל. פרץ), Tel Aviv-Yafo 1978, pp. 363–367, here p. 365.
  9. ↑ Donald Lee Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, Louisiana State University Press. Baton Rouge c1980, p. 30.
  10. ↑ Ruth Heinsohn (mar. Gerhold; *1911–2003*), Interview of December 13, 1999, recorded by Ulf Heinsohn (private oral history project)
  11. 1 2 Cf. Ezriel Carlebach entry in the Hebrew Wikipedia
  12. ↑ His name is also spelt Jehoshua/Joszua/Yehoshua Got(t)li(e)b.
  13. ↑ His name is also spelt Joel Szaul/Shaul Stupnicki/Stupnitski/Stupnitsky.
  14. ↑ Ezriel Carlebach, 'Die antisemitische Internationale' (Dokument Nr. 125) [די אנטיסעמיטישע אינטערנאציאָנאלע, In: Haynt, June 15, 1934, p. 3; German], In: Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945: 16 vols., Wolf Gruner (ed.), Munich: Oldenbourg, 2008, vol. 1: Deutsches Reich 1933–1937, p. 354seqq. ISBN 978-3-486-58480-6
  15. ↑ Die Ausbürgerung deutscher Staatsangehöriger 1933–45 nach den im Reichsanzeiger veröffentlichten Listen = Expatriation lists as published in the 'Reichsanzeiger' 1933–45:3 vol., Michael Hepp (ed.), Saur. Munich et al. 1985–88, vol. 1: Listen in chronologischer Reihenfolge (1985), Liste 2; ; ISBN 3-598-10537-1
  16. ↑ Haynt was a co-operative, which many a member rather regarded to be a political experiment, so that the emerging conflicts occasionally had paralysed the newspaper and brought it on the verge of bunkruptcy.
  17. ↑ Cf. Philipp Graf, Die Bernheim-Petition 1933: Jüdische Politik in der Zwischenkriegszeit, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2008, (Schriften des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts; 10), 342 pp., ISBN 978-3-525-36988-3.
  18. ↑ 'Warnung', In: Die Neue Welt (Revue); Jg. 9, Nr. 458, 26. April 1935, p. 3
  19. ↑ Ezriel Carlebach, 'Manners of a Guest' ['מנירות אורח', In: Ma'ariv, April 13, 1953; Engl.], In: Na'ama Sheffi (נעמה שפי), The Ring of Myths: The Israelis, Wagner and the Nazis ['טבעת המיתוסים', first ed. 1999; Engl.], Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2001, p. 64. Omissions not in the original.
  20. ↑ Ezriel Carlebach (under "איפכא מסתברא" pseudonym), 'זעקי ארץ אהובה' (Scream, beloved country!), in Ma'ariv, December 25, 1953
  21. ↑ Ezriel Carlebach, 'You Can't Come To An Understanding' [Shortened version of an Essay published in Ma'ariv, 1955; Engl.], in: Outpost, Americans For a Safe Israel (ed.), New York, vol. 10, No. 2 (February 2002).
  22. ↑ Ezriel Carlebach in an article in Ma'ariv, June 24, 1955, here according to a quote by Ben Hecht, Perfidy, 3rd ed., Milah Press, New London (NH) 1997, pp. 165 and 239. ISBN 0-9646886-3-8
  23. ↑ Shalom Goldman and Laurie Patton, 'Indian Love Call: Israelis, Orthodoxy, and Indian Culture', In: Judaism, Summer, 2001, p. 7.
  24. ↑ Ezriel Carlebach, הודו: יומן דרכים (Hodo: Yoman Drakhim; 1st ed. הוצאת עיינות, Tel Aviv 1956), ספרית מעריב. Tel Aviv-Yafo 1986
  25. ↑ Tommy Lapid, 'Introduction' to Ezriel Carlebach, הודו: יומן דרכים (Hodo: Yoman Drakhim; 1st ed. הוצאת עיינות, Tel Aviv 1956), ספרית מעריב. Tel Aviv-Yafo 1986, p. 12, here quoted according to the translation in Shalom Goldman and Laurie Patton, 'Indian Love Call: Israelis, Orthodoxy, and Indian Culture', In: Judaism, Summer, 2001, p. 7.
  26. ↑ Cf. Un écho d'Israel, article 6939
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