Ethnic conflict in Nagaland

Ethnic conflict in Nagaland
Part of Insurgency in North-East India

State of Nagaland
Date1954-present
LocationNagaland
Result Conflict ongoing
Belligerents

India India

Myanmar Burma

CKRF
KDF
KIA
KIF
KKK
KLA
KNF
NSCN-K
NSCN-IM
RNHPF
UKDA
UKLF
UNPC (until 2013)
Commanders and leaders
India Rajendra Prasad
India Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
India Zakir Hussain
India Varahagiri Venkata Giri
India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
India Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
India Zail Singh
India R. Venkataraman
India Shankar Dayal Sharma
India K. R. Narayanan
India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
India Pratibha Patil
India Pranab Mukherjee
India Vishnu Sahay
India Braj Kumar Nehru
India Lallan Prasad Singh
India Sayed Muzaffar Hussain Burney
India Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao
India Lokanath Misra
India Gopal Singh
India Madathilparampil Mammen Thomas
India V.K. Nayyar
India O.N. Shrivastava
India Om Prakash Sharma
India Shyamal Datta
India K. Wilson
India Kateekal Sankaranarayanan
India Gurbachan Jagat
India Nikhil Kumar
India Ashwani Kumar
India Padmanabha Acharya
Myanmar Ba U
Myanmar Win Maung
Myanmar Ne Win
Myanmar San Yu
Myanmar Saw Maung
Myanmar Thein Sein
Myanmar Htin Kyaw
Tha Aye
Angami Zapu Phizo
Strength
200,000[1] 4500 NSCN-IM
2000 NSCN-K[2][3]
Casualties and losses
Total casualties: 200,000[4]

The ethnic conflict in Nagaland, in northeastern India, is an ongoing conflict fought between the ethnic Nagas and Government of India and Government of Myanmar. Nagaland inhabited by the Nagas is located at the tri-junction border of India on the West and South, China on the North and Myanmar on the East.

"Naga terrirtory" existed with "Full Sovereignty" before the advent of the British colonial expansionism in 1881. In 1947, the people of India and the Naga territory were liberated from the yoke of British rule. As early as January 10, 1929, Naga had informed the British government that they would not join the Union of India. After India regain sovereignty from British colonial rule, India Invaded Nagaland. The land of Nagas was divided among two countries, India and Myanmar. "National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)", which wants an independent "greater Nagaland" to include territory now in Myanmar, based on ethnicity; and the "Naga National Council (Adino)".[5]

The question of "Naga Sovereignty" was put to plebiscite on May 16, 1951. In order to defend themselves, the Naga after much deliberation formed the armed wing of NNC, came to be known as NSG (Naga Safe Guards) under Kaito Sukhai.

At least 34,000 died in the conflict between 1954 and 1975.[6]

Nagaland Rebels

Several rebel groups have operated in Nagaland since the mid-twentieth century, including the following:

  1. Naga National Council, a political organization active in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which became separatist under Angami Zapu Phizo.
  2. Naga National Council (Adino) – NNC (Adino): the oldest political Naga organisation, now led by the daughter of Naga rebel A.Z. Phizo.
  3. 'National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah)': formed on January 31, 1980 by Isak Chishi Swu, Thuingaleng Muivah and S.S. Khaplang . They want to establish a ‘Greater Nagaland’ (‘Nagalim’ or the People’s Republic of Nagaland) based on Mao Tse Tung’s model.
  4. 'National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang)': formed on April 30, 1988, its goal is to establish a ‘greater Nagaland’ based on ethnicity, comprising the Naga-dominated areas within India, and contiguous areas in Myanmar.
  5. Naga Federal Government- separatist movement active in Nagaland during the 1970s. After its leader was captured and the headquarters destroyed, NFG's activities decreased.[7]
  6. Naga Federal Army-separatist guerrilla organization active in the 1970s. Several hundred members of NFA reportedly have received training in China.[7]

See also

References

  1. Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook pp. 81-82
  2. "National Socialist Council of Nagaland -Khaplang". SATP. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  3. "National Socialist Council of Nagaland - Isak-Muivah". SATP. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  4. "Overview: Insurgency & Peace Efforts in Manipur". CDPS. Summer 2004. Retrieved Summer 2004. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  5. "Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in India: In Five Volume", p. 253, by By P. K. Mohanty.
  6. "Armed Conflict Events Timeline 1950-1954". onwar.com. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  7. 1 2 Schmid, A.P.; Jongman, A.J. (2005). Political Terrorism: A New Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, And Literature. Transaction Publishers. p. 572. ISBN 9781412804691. Retrieved 2014-12-14.

External links

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