Tidewater goby
| Tidewater goby | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Family: | Gobiidae |
| Genus: | Eucyclogobius T. N. Gill, 1862 |
| Species: | E. newberryi |
| Binomial name | |
| Eucyclogobius newberryi (Girard, 1856) | |
| Synonyms | |
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Eucyclogobius newberryi, the tidewater goby, is a species of goby native to lagoons of streams along the coast of California, USA. It is currently the only known member of its genus.[2]
Etymology
The genus name translates as "true cycloid goby", referring to the scales, while the species epithet is in honor of J. S. Newberry.[3][4]
Description
A small fish, only rarely longer than 5 cm (2 in), the tidewater goby is elongate with a blunt tail. Color is a mottled gray, brown, or olive; living fish are translucent or mostly transparent. Tidewater gobies, like many fish, exhibit countershading and tend to be mottled slightly darker on the dorsal side. The upper part of the first dorsal fin is clear or cream-colored, while the second dorsal is longer than the first, and close in size to the anal fin.
The large mouth extends back to or past the posterior edge of the eye, and is angled upwards. The eyes are spaced far apart. Unusually among gobies, the scales are cycloid instead of ctenoid; they are always absent from the head, and often from the underside too.
Breeding individuals will demonstrate color changes, with the males becoming more black with white spots as females become tan or reddish-brown with golden or dark-brown sides. Females may also take on a darker color while fighting.
Similar fish include the longjaw mudsucker, which can be distinguished from the tidewater goby by its more horizontal mouth and shorter rays in the anal fin compared to the 2nd dorsal fin.
Distribution and habitat
Their range extends from Tillas Slough at the mouth of the Smith River in Del Norte County, California, south to Agua Hedionda Lagoon in San Diego County.[5] While once recorded in at least 87 coastal locations, they are now gone from many, including San Francisco Bay.[6]
Despite the common name, this goby inhabits lagoons formed by streams running into the sea. The lagoons are blocked from the Pacific Ocean by sand bars, admitting salt water only during particular seasons, and so their water is brackish and cool. The tidewater goby prefers salinities of less than 10 ppt. Juveniles have been found as far upstream as 12 km, e.g. in Ten Mile River, Mendocino County, and San Antonio Creek and the Santa Ynez River, Santa Barbara County, sometimes in sections of stream impounded by California Golden beavers (Castor canadensis subauratus) which provide ideal slow-moving water habitat for tidewater gobies.[6] These fish also prefer sandy bottoms with depths of 20–100 cm, near emergent vegetation beds. The tidewater goby may be found in small groups of less than a dozen or occasionally in large aggregations of hundreds.
Behavior and Reproduction
Male tidewater gobies burrow into sand and mud in the spring, cementing together grains of sand with a mucous, and shutting the burrow off from the waters above with a mucous and sand plug. Females will become aggressive during the spring and fight over a potential mate, slapping each other with their tails and biting when posturing is insufficient to drive their rivals away. The female will then attempt to entice the male to open his burrow.
If the female is successful (which may be infrequent - Cam Swift reports that 23 observed courtships resulted in only a single successful entry into the burrow by the female,) she will lay eggs on the burrow's sides and roof. The male protects the eggs for 9–10 days before they hatch. Although their life expectancy is not well known, tidewater gobies may live for only a year.
Conservation status
The tidewater goby was listed by the state of California for protection in 1987, and federally listed in 1994. However, there has been some controversy over this, since many populations in its range are apparently secure, and the fish is even abundant at times. However, the fish's need for specific kind of habitat means that the populations are isolated from each other, and subject to extirpation due to various human activities, such as draining of wetlands, sand bar breaches for the purpose of tidal flushing, pollutant accumulation in lagoons, and so forth. Even so, studies have shown that it is a resilient species, and populations have been successfully restored to wetlands that have been protected.
References
- ↑ Gimenez Dixon, M. 1996. Eucyclogobius newberryi. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 19 August 2013.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Eucyclogobius newberryi" in FishBase. June 2013 version.
- ↑ R. T. Peterson, W. N. Eschmeyer, and E.S. Herald (1999). A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes: North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-618-00212-2. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
- ↑ Milton Love (1996). Probably More Than You Want to Know About the Fishes of the Pacific Coast. Santa Barbara, California: Really Big Press. pp. 302–303. ISBN 978-0-9628725-5-6.
- ↑ Cam C. Swift, J. L. Nelson, C. Maslow, and T. Stein (1989). "Biology and distribution of the tidewater goby, Eucyclogobius newberryi (Pisces: Gobiidae) of California, No. 404". Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
- 1 2 Recovery Plan for the Tidewater Goby (Eucyclogobius newberryi) (PDF) (Report). Portland, Oregon: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. p. 199.