Eurasian magpie

Eurasian magpie
Nominate subspecies in Toulouse, France
Calls, recorded in England
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Corvidae
Genus: Pica
Species: P. pica
Binomial name
Pica pica
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Subspecies

See text

Subspecies
     leucoptera      melanotos      pica      fennorum      asirensis      bactriana      hemileucoptera      serica      bottanensis      camtschatica      mauritanica
Maghreb magpie (P. p. mauritanica) showing the characteristic blue patch behind the eye

The Eurasian magpie or common magpie (Pica pica) is a resident breeding bird throughout Europe, much of Asia and northwest Africa. It is one of several birds in the crow family designated magpies, and belongs to the Holarctic radiation of "monochrome" magpies. In Europe, "magpie" is used by English speakers as a synonym for the European magpie: the only other magpie in Europe is the Iberian magpie, which is limited to the Iberian peninsula.

The Eurasian magpie is one of the most intelligent birds, and it is believed to be one of the most intelligent of all animals.[2] The expansion of its nidopallium is approximately the same in its relative size as the brain of chimpanzees, orangutans and humans.[3]

Taxonomy and systematics

The magpie was described and illustrated by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his Historiae animalium of 1555.[4] In 1758 Linnaeus included the species in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Corvus pica.[5][6] The magpie was moved to a separate genus Pica by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[5][7][8] Pica is the classical Latin word for a magpie.[9]

The Eurasian magpie is almost identical in appearance to the North American black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia) and at one time the two races were considered to be conspecific.[5][10] In 2000 the American Ornithologists' Union decided to treat the black-billed magpie as a separate species based on studies of the vocalization and behaviour that indicated that the black-billed magpie was closer to the yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttalli) than to the Eurasian magpie.[11]

The gradual clinal variation over the large geographic range and the intergradation of the different races means that the geographical limits and acceptance of the various subspecies varies between authorities. The International Ornithological Congress recognise eleven subspecies:[12]

The ornithologist Steve Madge in the Handbook of Birds of the World treats the isolated race in southwest Saudi Arabia as a separate species, the Arabian magpie P. asirensis.[13]

An analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 2003 confirmed that the black-billed magpie and the yellow-billed magpie were closely related to each other. The study also found that magpies in Korea (described as P. p. serica) are as different from the nominate subspecies as they are to the North America magpie species. These results imply that the species Pica pica is not monophyletic.[14] A more recent study using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA found that magpies in east and northeast China are genetically very similar to each other but differ from those in northwest China and Spain.[15]

Etymology

Magpies were originally known as simply "pies". This comes from a proto-Indoeuropean root meaning "pointed", in reference to either the beak or the tail. The prefix "mag" dates from the 16th century, and comes from the short form of the given name Margaret, which was once used to mean women in general (as Joe or Jack is used for men today); the pie's call was considered to sound like the idle chattering of a woman, and so it came to be called the "Mag pie".[16]

Description

In flight

The adult male of the nominate subspecies, P. p. pica, is 44–46 cm (17–18 in) in length, of which more than half is the tail. The wingspan is 52–62 cm (20–24 in).[17] The head, neck and breast are glossy black with a metallic green and violet sheen; the belly and scapulars (shoulder feathers) are pure white; the wings are black glossed with green or purple, and the primaries have white inner webs, conspicuous when the wing is open. The graduated tail is black, glossed with green and reddish purple. The legs and bill are black; the iris is dark brown.[18] The plumage of the sexes is similar but females are slightly smaller. Males of the nominate subspecies weigh 210–272 g (7.4–9.6 oz) while females weigh 182–214 g (6.4–7.5 oz). The young resemble the adults, but are at first without much of the gloss on the sooty plumage.[17]

The subspecies differ in their size, the amount of white on their plumage and the colour of the gloss on their black feathers. The northwest African race P. p. mauritanica differs from the nominate subspecies in having a patch of blue bare skin behind the eye, no white patch on the rump and a longer tail.[18] The southwest Arabian race P. p. asirensis differs in having more black in the plumage with a narrower white scapular patch, no white rump and smaller white areas on the primaries.[13] The Asian race P. p. bactriana has more extensive white on the primaries and a prominent white rump.[18]

Adults undergo an annual complete moult after breeding. The primary flight feathers are replaced over a period of three months. Juvenile birds undergo a partial moult beginning about one month later than the adult birds in which their body feathers are replaced but not those of the wings or the tail.[19]

Distribution and habitat

The range of the magpie extends across temperate Eurasia from Spain and Ireland in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula and Taiwan in the east. There are also populations in northwest Africa and on Mediterranean islands. The species has been introduced in Japan on the island of Kyushu.[18]

The preferred habit is open countryside with scattered trees and magpies are normally absent from treeless areas and dense forests.[18] They sometimes breed at high densities in suburban settings such as parks and gardens.[20][21]

Magpies are normally sedentary and spend winters close to their nesting territories but birds living near the northern limit of their range in Sweden, Finland and Russia can move south in harsh weather.[18]

Behaviour and ecology

P. p. bactriana in Ladakh
Young bird

Breeding

Eurasian magpie egg

Some magpies breed after their first year while others remain in the non-breeding flocks and first breed in their second year.[22] They are monogamous and the pairs often remain together from one breeding season to the next. They generally occupy the same territory on successive years.[23]

Mating takes place in spring. In the courtship display males rapidly raise and depress their head feathers, uplift, open and close their tails like fans, and call in soft tones quite distinct from their usual chatter. The loose feathers of the flanks are brought over the primaries, and the shoulder patch is spread so the white is conspicuous, presumably to attract females. Short buoyant flights and chases follow.

Magpies prefer tall trees for their bulky nest, firmly attaching them to a central fork in the upper branches. A framework of the sticks is cemented with earth and clay, and a lining of the same is covered with fine roots. Above is a stout though loosely built dome of prickly branches with a single well-concealed entrance. These huge nests are conspicuous when the leaves fall. Where trees are scarce, though even in well-wooded country, nests are at times built in bushes and hedgerows.

In Europe clutches are typically laid in April,[24] and usually contain five or six eggs but clutches with as few as three and as many as ten have been recorded.[25] The eggs are laid in early morning usually at daily intervals.[26] On average the eggs of the nominate species measure 32.9 mm × 23 mm (1.30 in × 0.91 in) and weigh 9.9 g (0.35 oz).[26][27] Small for the size of the bird, they are typically pale blue-green with close specks and spots of olive brown, but show much variation in ground and marking.[28] The eggs are incubated for 21–22 days by the female who is fed on the nest by the male.[29] The chicks are altricial, hatching nearly naked with closed eyes. They are brooded by the female for the first 5–10 days and fed by both parents.[30] Initially the parents eat the faecal sacs of the nestlings but as the chicks grow larger they defecate on the edge of the nest.[31] The nestlings open their eyes 7 to 8 days after hatching. Their body feathers start to appear after around 8 days and the primary wing feathers after 10 days.[32] For several days before they are ready to leave the nest the chicks clamber around the nearby branches.[33] They fledge at around 27 days.[32] The parents then continue to feed the chicks for several more weeks. They also protect the chicks from predators as their ability to fly is poor making them very vulnerable.[32] On average only 3 or 4 chicks survive to fledge successfully. Some nests are lost to predators but an important factor causing nestling mortality is starvation. Magpie eggs hatch asynchronously and if the parents have difficulty finding sufficient food the last chicks to hatch are unlikely to survive.[34] Only a single brood is reared unless disaster overtakes the first clutch.[18]

A study conducted near Sheffield in Britain using birds with coloured rings on their legs found that only 22 per cent of fledglings survived their first year. For subsequent years the survival rate for the adult birds was 69 per cent implying that for those birds that survive the first year the average total lifespan was 3.7 years.[35] The maximum age recorded for a magpie is 21 years and 8 months for a bird from near Coventry in England that was ringed in 1925 and shot in 1947.[36][37]

Feeding

The magpie is omnivorous, eating young birds and eggs, insects, scraps and carrion, acorns, grain, and other vegetable substances.

Intelligence

The Eurasian magpie is believed not only to be among the brightest of birds but among the most intelligent of all animals. Along with the jackdaw, the Eurasian magpie's nidopallium is approximately the same relative size as those in chimpanzees and humans, significantly larger than the gibbon's.[3] Like other corvids, such as ravens and crows, their total brain-to-body mass ratio is equal to most great apes' and cetaceans'.[38]

A 2004 review suggests that the intelligence of the corvid family to which the Eurasian magpie belongs is equivalent to that of great apes (chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas) in terms of social cognition, causal reasoning, flexibility, imagination, and prospection.[39]

Magpies have been observed engaging in elaborate social rituals, possibly including the expression of grief.[40] Mirror self-recognition has been demonstrated in European magpies,[41] making them one of but a few species and the only non-mammal known to possess this capability.[2] The cognitive abilities of the Eurasian magpie are regarded as evidence that intelligence evolved independently in both corvids and primates. This is indicated by tool use, an ability to hide and store food across seasons, episodic memory, using their own experience to predict the behavior of conspecifics.[2] Another behavior exhibiting intelligence is cutting their food in correctly sized proportions for the size of their young. In captivity magpies have been observed counting up to get food, imitating human voices, and regularly using tools to clean their own cages. In the wild, they organise themselves into gangs and use complex strategies hunting other birds and when confronted by predators.[42]

Grieving rituals

Magpies have been observed taking part in elaborate grieving rituals, which have been likened to human funerals, including laying grass wreaths.[43][44] Marc Bekoff, at the University of Colorado, argues that it shows that they are capable of feeling complex emotions, including grief.[40]

Status

The Eurasian magpie has an extremely large range. The European population is estimated to be between 7.5 and 19 million breeding pairs. Allowing for the birds breeding in Asia, the total population is estimated to be between 46 and 228 million individuals.[45] There is no evidence of any serious overall decline in numbers, so the species is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of Least Concern.[1]

Relationship with humans

Traditions and symbolism

Europe

In Europe, magpies have been historically demonized by humans, mainly as a result of superstition and myth. The bird has found itself in this situation mainly by association, says Steve Roud: "Large blackbirds, like crows and ravens, are viewed as evil in British folklore and white birds are viewed as good".[46] In European folklore the magpie is associated with a number of superstitions[47] surrounding its reputation as an omen of ill fortune. In the 19th century book, A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar, a proverb concerning magpies is recited: "A single magpie in spring, foul weather will bring". The book further explains that this superstition arises from the habits of pairs of magpies to forage together only when the weather is fine. In Scotland, a magpie near the window of the house is said to foretell death.[48]

In Britain and Ireland a widespread traditional rhyme, One for Sorrow, records the myth (it is not clear whether it has been seriously believed) that seeing magpies predicts the future, depending on how many are seen. There are many regional variations on the rhyme, which means that it is impossible to give a definitive version.[48][49]

Hopscotch game with the magpie rhyme

In Italian and French folklore, magpies are believed to have a penchant for picking up shiny items, particularly precious stones. Rossini's opera La gazza ladra and The Adventures of Tintin comic The Castafiore Emerald are based on this theme. In Bulgarian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Slovak and Swedish folklore the magpie is seen as a thief. In Sweden it is further associated with witchcraft.[48] In Norway, a magpie is considered cunning and thievish, but also the bird of huldra, the underground people.[50]

Magpies have been attacked for their role as predators, which includes eating other birds' eggs and their young. However, scientific studies have contradicted the view that they affect total song-bird populations, finding "no evidence of any effects of [magpie] predator species on songbird population growth rates. We therefore had no indication that predators had a general effect on songbird population growth rates".[51] Other studies have found that songbird populations increased in places where magpie populations were high and that they do not have a negative impact on the total song-bird population.[52]

Asia

The European attitude is starkly contradicted by Korea, where the magpie is celebrated as "a bird of great good fortune, of sturdy spirit and a provider of prosperity and development".[46] Similarly, in China, magpies are seen as an omen of good fortune.[53] This is even reflected in the Chinese word for magpie, simplified Chinese: 喜鹊; traditional Chinese: 喜鵲; pinyin: xǐquè, in which the first character means "happiness".

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2012). "Pica pica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Prior, H.; Schwarz, A.; Güntürkün, O. (2008). "Mirror-induced behavior in the Magpie (Pica pica): evidence of self-recognition". PLoS Biology 6 (8): e202. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202. PMC: 2517622. PMID 18715117.
  3. 1 2 Emery, N.J.; Clayton, N.S. (2004). "Comparing the complex cognition of birds and primates". In Rogers, L.J.; Kaplan, G.T. Comparative vertebrate cognition: are primates superior to non-primates?. New York: Kluwer Academic. pp. 9, 3–56. ISBN 978-0-306-47727-0.
  4. ↑ Gesner, Conrad (1555). Historiæ animalium liber III qui est de auium natura. Adiecti sunt ab initio indices alphabetici decem super nominibus auium in totidem linguis diuersis: & ante illos enumeratio auium eo ordiné quo in hoc volumine continentur (in Latin). Zurich: Froschauer. pp. 666–672.
  5. 1 2 3 Blake, Emmet R.; Vaurie, Charles (1962). "Family Corvidae, Crows and Jays". In Mayer, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jnr. Check-list of Birds of the World, Volume 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 250–254.
  6. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. pp. 106–107.
  7. ↑ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, Volume 1 (in French). Paris: Chez C.J.-B. Bauche. p. 30.
  8. ↑ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, Volume 2 (in French). Paris: Chez C.J.-B. Bauche. p. 35.
  9. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  10. ↑ American Ornithologists’ Union (1998). Check-list of North American birds (PDF). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists’ Union. pp. 448–449. ISBN 1-891276-00-X.
  11. ↑ American Ornithologists’ Union (2000). "Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union check-list of North American birds". The Auk 117 (3): 847–858. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0847:FSSTTA]2.0.CO;2.
  12. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Crows, mudnesters & birds-of-paradise". IOC World Bird List Version 5.4. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  13. 1 2 Madge, S. (2009). "Arabian Magpie (Pica asirensis)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 November 2015.(subscription required)
  14. ↑ Lee, Sang-im; Parr, Cynthia S.; Hwang, Youna; Mindell, David P.; Choe, J.C. (2003). "Phylogeny of magpies (genus Pica) inferred from mtDNA data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29 (2): 250–257. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00096-4. PMID 13678680.
  15. ↑ Zhang, R.; et al. (2012). "Comparative phylogeography of two widespread magpies: Importance of habitat preference and breeding behavior on genetic structure in China". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65 (2): 562–572. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.011.
  16. ↑ "Magpie (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  17. 1 2 Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M., eds. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic Concise Edition, Volume 2 Passerines. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1457–1460. ISBN 0-19-850188-9.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Madge, S. (2009). "Common Magpie (Pica pica)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 November 2015.(subscription required)
  19. ↑ Birkhead 1991, p. 31.
  20. ↑ Leszek, Jerzak (2001). "Synurbanization of the magpie in the Palearctic". In Marzluff, J.; Bowman, R.; Donnelly, R. Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 403–425. ISBN 0-7923-7458-4.
  21. ↑ Antonov, A.; Atanasova, D. (2002). "Nest-site selection in the magpie Pica pica in a high-density urban population of Sofia (Bulgaria)". Acta Ornithologica 37 (2): 55–66. doi:10.3161/068.037.0201.
  22. ↑ Birkhead 1991, pp. 132-133.
  23. ↑ Birkhead 1991, pp. 61-62.
  24. ↑ Birkhead 1991, pp. 147-148.
  25. ↑ Birkhead 1991, p. 155.
  26. 1 2 Birkhead 1991, pp. 162-163.
  27. ↑ Witherby, H.F. (1920). A practical handbook of British birds. London: Witherby. p. 23.
  28. ↑ Birkhead 1991, p. 164.
  29. ↑ Birkhead 1991, p. 161.
  30. ↑ Birkhead 1991, p. 166.
  31. ↑ Birkhead 1991, p. 173.
  32. 1 2 3 Birkhead 1991, p. 183.
  33. ↑ Birkhead 1991, p. 177.
  34. ↑ Birkhead 1991, pp. 179-181.
  35. ↑ Birkhead 1991, pp. 130-132.
  36. ↑ "European Longevity Records". Euring. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  37. ↑ Robinson, R.A.; Leech, D.I.; Clark, J.A. "Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2014". British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  38. ↑ Birding in India and South Asia: Corvidae. Retrieved 2007-NOV-10
  39. ↑ Emery, Nathan J.; Clayton, Nicola S. (Dec 2004). "The mentality of crows: convergent evolution of intelligence in corvids and apes". Science 306 (5703): 1903–1907. doi:10.1126/science.1098410. PMID 15591194.
  40. 1 2 Bekoff, M. (2009). Animal emotions, wild justice and why they matter: Grieving magpies, a pissy baboon, and empathic elephants. Emotion, Space and Society. Elsevier. pp.1–4.
  41. ↑ de Waal, Frans (2009). The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society. New York: Harmony Books. p.149.
  42. ↑ Robertson, Joyce (2010). Meet the Magpie. AuthorHouse. p.5.
  43. ↑ Magpies grieve for their dead (and even turn up for funerals) By DAVID DERBYSHIRE FOR MAILONLINE, UPDATED: 01:57, 24 October 2009
  44. ↑ Animal emotions, wild justice and why they matter: Grieving magpies, a pissy baboon, and empathic elephants Emotion, Space and Society xxx (2009) 1–4, Marc Bekoff
  45. ↑ "Black-billed Magpie Pica pica". BirdLife International. Retrieved 20 November 2015. BirdLife International consider the North American black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia) as a subspecies of Pica pica.
  46. 1 2 Magpies have a dubious reputation because they are a bit of both. Over the years they have been lumped in with blackbirds. "Why are magpies so often hated?, By Denise Winterman, BBC News Magazine
  47. ↑ Tickner, Lisa (1980). "One for Sorrow, Two for Mirth: The Performance Work of Rose Finn-Kelcey" (PDF). Oxford Art J 3 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1093/oxartj/3.1.58.
  48. 1 2 3 Brewer, E. C. (1970) Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable; centenary ed., rev. by Ivor H. Evans. London: Cassell; p. 674
  49. ↑ Opie, Iona & Peter (1959) The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 217
  50. ↑ store norske leksikon; http://snl.no/skj%C3%A6re/folketro
  51. ↑ Stoate, C.; Thomson, D.L. (2000). "Predation and songbird populations" (PDF). In Aebischer, N.J.; Evans, A.D.; Grice, P.V.; Vickery, J.A. Ecology and Conservation of Lowland Farmland Birds. Tring, England: British Ornithologists' Union. pp. 134–139. ISBN 0-907446-24-8.
  52. ↑ Gooch, S; Baillie, S.R.; Birkhead, T.R. (1991). "Magpie Pica pica and songbird populations. Retrospective investigation of trends in population density and breeding success". Journal of Applied Ecology 28 (3): 1068–1086. doi:10.2307/2404226. JSTOR 2404226.
  53. ↑ 春蚕、喜鹊、梅花、百合花有什么象征意义？

Cited sources

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