European diaspora

European diaspora

Total population
(480,000,000 + 7% of the total world population (not counting partial European descent) Americas – approximately 446,394,000 Oceania – 23,185,000)
Regions with significant populations
White people ancestry worldwide
United States	223,553,265[1]
Brazil	91,051,646[2]
Argentina	38,900,000[3]
Canada	25,186,890[4]
Australia	20,982,665
Mexico	20,100,000+[5][6]
Colombia	18,519,500[7][8]
Venezuela	13,169,949[9][10] [11]
Chile	10,160,399[12]
Cuba	7,472,100[13]
South Africa	3,5M-5,128,000[14][15]
Costa Rica	3,500,000[5]
New Zealand	3,381,076[16]
Uruguay	3,151,095[17]
Puerto Rico	3,064,862[18]
Guatemala	2,490,000[19]
Dominican Republic	2,000,000+[11]
Bolivia	2,000,000+[11]
Peru	1,4M-4,4M+[11][20]
Ecuador	1,400,000+[21]
Paraguay	1,300,000+[5]
Nicaragua	1,000,000+[11]
Languages
Languages of Europe (mostly English and Spanish minoritily Portuguese and French)
Religion
Majority Christianity (mostly Catholic and Protestant) Atheism  · Other Religions Non-European Ethnocultural Affiliations: Jewish · Muslim · Buddhist · Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Europeans

The European diaspora consists of European people and their descendants who emigrated from Europe.

Emigration from Europe began on a large scale during the European colonial empires of the 18th to 19th centuries. This concerns especially the Spanish Empire in the 16th to 17th centuries (expansion of the Hispanosphere), the British Empire in the 17th to 19th centuries (expansion of the Anglosphere), the Portuguese Empire and the Russian Empire in the 19th century (expansion to Central Asia and the Russian Far East).

From 1815 to 1932, 60 million people left Europe (with many returning home), primarily to "areas of European settlement" in the Americas (especially to the United States, Canada, Argentina and Brazil), Australia, New Zealand and Siberia.^[22] These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than the populations of Africa and Asia. As a result, on the eve of World War One, 38% of the world’s total population was of European ancestry.^[22]

In Asia, European-derived populations (specifically Russians) predominate in Northern Asia, which is part of the Russian Federation. Africa has no countries with European-derived majorities, but there are significant minorities in South Africa with more than 5 million whites, Namibia and some regions of other countries like Madagascar, Botswana and Morocco.

The countries in the Americas that received a major wave of European immigrants from the mid-1800s to the mid-1900s were: the United States (32.6 million), Argentina (6.5 million), Canada (5.1 million), Brazil (5.0 million), Cuba (1.4 million), Uruguay (713,000).^[23] Other countries received a more modest immigration flow (accounting for less than 10% of total European emigration to Latin America) were: Mexico (270,000), Chile (200,000 or more), Puerto Rico (62,000), Peru (30,000), and Paraguay (21,000).^[23][24]

Early emigration

• Antiquity
  • North Africa (Vandals)^[25]
  • Asia Minor (Greeks and Galatians)^[26]
  • Egypt (Greeks in Egypt)^[27]
  • Hindukush and Northern India (Indo-Greeks)^[28]
• Middle Ages
  • Asia Minor (Slavs)^[29]
  • Greenland (Greenland Vikings)^[30]
  • Kingdom of Jerusalem (Franks) – 25-35% of the population^[31][32]

Colonial period

The discovery of the Americas in 1492 stimulated a steady stream of voluntary migration from Europe. About 200,000 Spaniards settled in their American colonies prior to 1600, a small settlement compared to the 3 to 4 million Amerindians who lived in Spanish territory in the Americas. In Brazil the European emigration remained very small in the first two centuries of colonization: between 1500 and 1700, only 100,000 Portuguese settled there. However, the development of the mining economy in the 18th century raised the wages and employment opportunities in the Portuguese colony and the emigration grew: in the 18th century alone, about 600,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, a mass emigration given that Portugal had a population of only 2 million people. In North America the immigration was dominated by British, Irish and other Northern Europeans.^[33]

Post-independence emigration

Mass European emigration to the Americas happened in the 19th and 20th centuries. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars until 1920, some 60 million Europeans (and 10 million Asians) emigrated. Of these, 71% went to North America, 21% to Latin America (mainly Argentina and Brazil) and 7% to Australia. About 11 million of these people went to Latin America, of whom 38% were Italians, 28% were Spaniards and 11% were Portuguese.^[34]

Between 1821 and 1880, 9.5 million Europeans settled in the United States, mainly Germans and Irish. Other waves included British and Scandinavian people. Despite the large number of immigrants arriving, people born outside of the United States formed a relatively small number of U.S. population: in 1910, foreigners were 14.7% of the country's population. Nothing similar to what happened in Argentina, which was the American country where immigrants had a larger impact in the ethnic composition. By 1914, 30% of Argentina's population was foreign-born, with 12% of its population born in Italy, the largest immigrant group. Next was Canada: by 1881, 14% of Canada's population was foreign-born, and the proportion increased to 22% in 1921. In Brazil the proportion of immigrants in the national population was much smaller, and immigrants tended to be concentrated in the central and Southern parts of the country. The proportion of foreigners in Brazil peaked in 1920, with just 7%, mostly Italians, Portuguese, and Spaniards.^[33] In 1901–1920 immigration was responsible for only 7 percent of Brazilian population growth but in the years of high immigration, 1891–1900, the share was as high as 30 percent (higher than Argentina's 26% in the 1880s).^[24]

Immigration arrivals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

Destination	Years	Arrivals	Ref(s)
United States	1821–1932	32,244,000	[35]
Brazil	1821–1932	5,831,000	[35]
Argentina	1856–1932	6,405,000	[35]
Canada	1821–1932	5,206,000	[35]
Australia	1821–1932	2,913,000	[35]
Cuba	1880–1932	1,394,000	[23][36]
South Africa	1881–1932	852,000 - 1,000,000	[35]
Uruguay	1836–1932	713,000	[35]
Chile	1820–1932	200,000	[23]
New Zealand	1821–1932	594,000	[35]
Mexico	1911–1931	226,000 - 270,000	[35]
Colombia	1880–1932	180,000	[23]
Puerto Rico	1880–1932	62,000	[23]
Peru	1820–1932	30,000	[23]
Paraguay	1820–1932	21,000	[23]

By populations

Country	(Peak year)^1 % of total population		(Recent) % of total population	Population in (thousands & millions)	Year	Ref(s)
Uruguay	93.2	1996	90.7	2.8	2011 Census	[37] ^1	[17]
Australia	99.3	1947	90	20	2006 Census	[38][39][40]	[41][42]
Argentina	-	-	85	34.6	WFB^1, Lizcano^3	-	[5][43][44]
Costa Rica	80.1	1927	82.7	3.8	Lizcano^3	[45]	[5]
Canada	98.5	1871	76.7	25.1	2011 Census	[46][47]	[4]
Puerto Rico (U.S.)	80.5	2000	75.8	2.8	2010 Census	[48]	[49]
New Zealand	95.11	1916	74.0	2.9	2013 Census	[50]	[51]
United States	89.8	1940	72.4	223.5	2010 Census	[52]	[1]
Cuba	74.3	1943	64.1	7.2	2012 Census	[53]	[12]
Chile	-	-	52.7	9.1	Lizcano^3	-	[5]
Brazil	63.47	1940	47.7	91.0	2010 Census	[54]	[55]
Venezuela	-	-	42.2	11.9	2011 Census	-	[56]
Colombia	34.4	1912	37.0	17	2010 study est	[57]	[58][59][60]
Bermuda (UK)	61.7	1698	31.0	19,938	2010 Census	[61]	[62]
New Caledonia (FR)	41.8	1901	29.2	71,721	2009 Census	[63]	[64]
Paraguay	-	-	20.0	1.3	Lizcano^3	-	[5]
Guatemala	-	-	18	2.4	INE 2010	-	[19]
Nicaragua	-	-	17.0	1	WFB^2	-	[65]
U.S. Virgin Islands (U.S.)	-	-	15.6	16,646	2010 Census	-	[66]
Dominican Republic	28.14	1950	13.6 or 16	2.0	2006, WFB^1	[67]	[68][69]
Peru	-	-	15	4.5	2006 INEI, WFB^2	-	[20][70]
Mexico	9.80	1921	9 or 15	10.8 or 16.8	WFB^2, Lizcano^3	[71]	[5][6]
El Salvador	-	-	12.7	0.7	2007 Census	-	[72]
Panama	12.2	1940	10.0	0.3	WFB^2	[73]	-
South Africa	21.4	1911	8.9	4.5	2011 Census	[74]	[75]
Turks and Caicos (UK)	-	-	7.90	1,562	2001 Census	-	[76]
Guam (U.S.)	-	-	7.10	11,321	2010 Census	-	[77]
Virgin Islands (UK)	-	-	6.90	-	2001 Census	-	[78]
Ecuador	10.5	2001	6.1	1.3	2010 Census	[79]	[80]
Bolivia	12.73	1900	5.0	-	WFB^2	[81]	[82]
The Bahamas	73.3-74.0	1722	5.0	16,598	2010 Census	[83][84]	[85]
Anguilla (UK)	-	-	3.2	431	2011 Census	-	[86]
Barbados	-	-	2.7	6,135	2010 Census	-	[87]
^1 Highest statistics available by percentage. ^2 CIA The World Factbook. ^3 Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XX by Francisco Lizcano Fernández.

The number above refer to those who self-described as white in the census. Exclude those who self describe as mixed race with European descent such as mestizo and mulatto.

By region

Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry:^[88]

Map of percentage of people with European ancestry, showing the European diaspora. (The map is based on data from this article: European diaspora, censuses and articles quoted in the file description.)

Africa

• Africa
  •  South Africa (White South African) – 9.6-13% of the population (mostly Afrikaners/Dutch diaspora and British diaspora), Cape Coloureds have Afrikaner ancestry included with African and Asian ancestry from the 17th to 19th centuries.^[89]
  •  Namibia (White Namibians) – 6% of the population, of which most are Afrikaans-speaking, in addition to a German-speaking minority.^[90]
  •  Madagascar (French people in Madagascar) – 113,000 people or 0.5% of the total population are white, mostly French. A further 76,000 are Réunionese Creole, bringing this total to 200,000 people and 1% of the total population.^[91]
  •  Réunion (mostly of French descent) approx. 25% of the population.^[92] Cafres usually have some degree of European descent.
  •  Zimbabwe – about 2% in the 2001 census. (Whites in Zimbabwe).
  •  Botswana – 5% European.^[93]
  •  Kenya (Whites in Kenya).
  •  Algeria (Pied-noir).
  •  Mauritius (Franco-Mauritian).
  •  Senegal – French/European and Lebanese communities.^[94]
  •  Canary Islands (Spaniards), known as Canarians.
  •  Seychelles (Franco-Seychellois).
  •  Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (UK) – predominantly British.
  •  Swaziland – 3% of the population^[95]
  •  Morocco – European expatriates, Spanish-descent Muslims (the Moorish era in Spain), Spanish Moroccan Roman Catholics from Spanish colonial time, and Franco-Moroccans from French colonial period.^[96]
  •  Tunisia – Small community of Europeans.^[97]
  •  Angola (Portuguese Angolans) – 1% are mostly Portuguese, with 2% are of mixed Portuguese and Angolan descent
  •  Mozambique (Portuguese Mozambicans) – 0.1% of the population is mostly Portuguese, with 0.2% of mixed Portuguese and native ancestry

About 0-1 percent of the populations in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, usually are in the professional business elites. Not limited to Europeans, the "white" population includes Arab peoples: Lebanese and Syrians.^[94]

Asia

• Asia
  •  Vietnam – approximately 441,000 people or 0.5% of the total population are Vietnamese Eurasians, mainly of French and American ancestry from former French and American soldiers and settlers.^[98]
  •  India (Anglo-Indian) – approximately 312,000 people or 0.02% of the total population are mixed White (mainly British) and Indian.^[99]
  •  Bangladesh (Anglo-Indian, Firingis or Portuguese) approximately 113,000 people or 0.1% of the total population are the descendents of former British settlers who intermarried with local populations. People of Chittagong are mixture of Bengali, Portuguese and Arab descent.^[100]
  •  Myanmar (Anglo-Burmese, Anglo-Indian) – approximately 51,000 people or 0.1% of the total population are the descendents of former British settlers who intermarried with local populations.^[101]
  •  Malaysia (Kristang people) – approximately 52,000 people or 0.2% of the total population are the descendents of former White settlers (including Portuguese, British, and Dutch) who intermaried with local populations.^[102]
  •  Sri Lanka (Burghers) – People of mixed Sri Lankan and European descent specifically of British, Dutch and Portuguese origins.
  • Siberia (Russians)^[103] – most are Russians and Russified Ukrainians, with approximately 400,000 Russified ethnic Germans, a number are part-European.
  •  Kazakhstan (Russians in Kazakhstan, Tatars of Kazakhstan, Germans of Kazakhstan) – 31.5% of the population
  •  Uzbekistan – 7% of the population^[104] (See Demographics of Uzbekistan).
  •  Kyrgyzstan – 13.5% of the population^[105]
  •  Turkmenistan – 4% of the population^[106]
  •  Tajikistan – Tajiks are ethnic relatives of both Turkic and Indo-Iranian peoples, but has a small European minority.
  •  Mongolia – 0.5% of the population or approximately 12,000 people are European, mostly of Ukrainian or Russian descent.^[107]
  •  China (Russians in China)
  •  Hong Kong (Britons in Hong Kong, Canadians in Hong Kong, Americans in Hong Kong, Russians in Hong Kong)^[108]
  •  Macau (Macanese people) People of mainly mixed Chinese, however also South and Southeast Asian origins with some Portuguese ancestry.^[109] There is also a significant community of Portuguese people in Macau who along with the Macanese people make up 2.0% of the total population.
  •  Singapore (Eurasians in Singapore) – Caucasian expatriates reside in Singapore. Eurasians of mixed Asian and European descent also reside in Singapore. Both these racial groups are mostly of British, Portuguese, and Dutch descent.
  •  Philippines (Filipino mestizo, Spanish settlement in the Philippines, American settlement in the Philippines) – An unknown number of Filipino-Eurasians either of Spanish or U.S. American ancestry.
  •  Indonesia (Indo people) – 14,000 people, mostly of mixed Indonesian and Dutch descent.^[110]
  •  Cambodia – approximately 16,000 people or 0.1% of the total population are Cambodian Eurasians, mainly of French ancestry from former French settlers.^[111]
  •  Pakistan (Anglo-Indian) (Anglo-Pakistani) – approximately 11,000 people or 0.005% of the total population are the descendents of former British settlers who intermarried with local populations.^[112]
  •  Thailand – (Luk khrueng) An unknown number of people of mixed Thai and white origin.
  •  East Timor – approximately 1,100 people or 0.08% of the total population are Portuguese, descended from former Portuguese settlers.^[113]
  •  Laos – an unknown number of Eurasians with French ancestry who are the descendants of former French settlers reside in Laos.
  •  Armenia – Armenia has a small minority of 21,000 Europeans, mostly of Russian and Ukrainian origin.^[114]
  •  Azerbaijan (Russians in Azerbaijan)^[115]
  •  Georgia (Russians in Georgia)^[116]
  •  Christmas Island – approximately 13% of the total population are white, with a further 2% Eurasian, both are British Australian.^[117]
  •  Cocos (Keeling) Islands – 28.5% or one third of the total population are White, mostly British Australian.^[118]

Small communities of European, white American and white Australian expatriates live in East and Southeast Asia, such as China, Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Singapore.

• The Middle East
  •  Israel (Levantines, Circassians, Greeks, Russians, Armenians, Romanians)
  •  Lebanon (French Lebanese, Italian Lebanese, Greeks in Lebanon) – Small community of Europeans. (mainly from French, Italian, Greek and Americans from European origin)^[119]

Small communities of European, white American and white Australian expatriates in the Persian Gulf countries like Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the UAE; and in Aramco compounds in Saudi Arabia. Historically before 1970, small ethnic European (esp. Greek and Italian) enclaves were found in Egypt (Greeks in Egypt, Italian Egyptians) and Syria (Greeks in Syria).

Americas

Total European population in the Americas—approximately 446,394,000

Europeans in Northern America

• Northern America –-- Total European population approximately 249,300,000
  •  Greenland – 12% of the population or about 7,000 people, however the Greenlandic people are of any Scandinavian (majority being Danes) or Inuit-Eskimo descent.^[120]
  •  Canada (Euro-Canadian) – 80% of the population, or 28,000,000 people, mostly divided into Anglophone (18 million) and Francophone (10 million).^[121]
  •  United States of America (European American) – 74% of the population, or 223,800,000 including Non-Hispanic Whites and White Hispanics.

Europeans in Latin America and the Caribbean

• Middle America (including Central America and the Caribbean) and South America (see White Latin American) -- Total European population approximately 197,094,000
  •  Argentina – 79% of the population or 38,900,000, may include an unknown percentage of mestizos and mulattos.^[122] Other sources^[123] put 86.4% of the population as white, with a higher number of mestizos.
  •  Bahamas (European Bahamian) – 12% of the population or 39,600, the majority are African or other races.^[124]
  •  Barbados (White Barbadian) – 4% of the population or 11,238, it's thought to be the highest of all British West Indies islands.^[125]
  •  Bermuda – 34.1% of the population or 23,064, with a black or part-white/black majority.^[126]
  •  Bolivia – 15% of the population or 1,636,000, the country except for Paraguay and Ecuador have the lowest white populations of South America.^[127]
  •  Brazil (White Brazilian) – 49.7% of the population or 93,000,000. Another 42.6% are pardos of mixed White, African and/or Amerindian descent (showed by genetic research to be of predominant European ancestry). Afro-Brazilians by genetical research showed to be of about 37.1% European ancestry (the majority inherited by colonial or Imperial times and of Portuguese origin). Some people of claimed Asian and Indigenous origin can also have European descent.^[128]
  •  Chile – 52.7% (9,100,000) is white in Chile.^[129]
  •  Colombia – 86% of the population are (white Colombian) or part white (mestizo or mulatto).^[7][8]
  •  Costa Rica – up to 90% white and/or mestizo (European and Amerindian descent); 80-85% is white and 10-15% mestizo, or 3,827,000 (3,400,000 and 427,000).^[130]
  •  Cuba – 64.1% of the population or 7,160,399^[12]
  •  Dominican Republic – 16% of the population or 1,655,959 is white and an additional 73% are mulatto or 7,555,311. In total, 89% of the Dominican population is either fully or partially of European ancestry.^[131]
  •  Ecuador – 6% of the population or 940,000, while 72% are mestizos.^[132]
  •  El Salvador – 9% of the population or 720,000, but the remainder 90% have some European ancestry.^[133]
  •  French Guiana – 12% of the population or 26,000, but the French government insists all citizens of France regardless of race are "French".^[134]
  •  Guatemala 18% of the population or 2,490,000 people.
  •  Haiti – 4% of the population in Haiti are white and mulatto (both African and European ancestry) and 1% European, or 97,000. White Haitians are chiefly of French, Italian, or German origin not including Middle Eastern & North American whites. This figure excludes the percentage of Haitians with less than noticeable European admixture.
  •  Jamaica – Approximately 2% of the population or 40,000 people are White, mainly British, American, and Portuguese (This number increases to 60,000 people and 3% of the total population when Arabs and Lebanese are included). However, the vast majority of the population in Jamaica have some degree of European Ancestry.^[135]
  •  Martinique – 2% of the population or 8,000, with another 3% mulatto descent.^[136]
  •  Mexico^[137] (White Mexican) – About 16.5% of the population European or about 20,160,000, and an additional 70% of mixed European and Amerindian descent^{[138][139][140]}
  •  Nicaragua – 17% of the population or 1,000,000 people, and 69% mestizo.^[141]
  •  Panama 14.0% of the population is White of European origin or 352,000 people, 58.1% mestizo, 7% mulatto, 6.7% Amerindian, 5.5% Asian, and 7.1% other (2000 Census).
  •  Puerto Rico 75.8% of the population or 3,620,897 self identify as having European ancestry. 12.4% is of black or African-American ancestry and 8.5% are of other ancestry, including American Indian. 3.3% identify as mixed.^[142]
  •  Peru (European Peruvian) – 15% of the population or 3,425,000, about 40% mestizo or partial European descent.^[143]
  •  Suriname – Surinamese Creoles, mixed people descending from West African slaves and mostly Dutch Europeans, form 15.7 percent of the population.
  •  Trinidad and Tobago – 1.7% of European descent or 24,600, mainly British, Spanish, French, German, and Portuguese, with a number of Scandinavian descent, although 30-40% have East Indian or 5% are Lebanese/Syrian Arab backgrounds.^[144]
  •  Venezuela (white Venezuelan) – 42,2% of the population or 11,490,018, about 49,9% are part white (mestizo or partial European descent.) making it 92,1% of the population white and/or mestizo (European and Amerindian descent) or 25,076,755.^[145]
  •  Uruguay – 88% of the population or 3,074,000, the rest have various levels of European descent.^[146]
  •  Saint Barthélemy—90% or 7,940; Saint Martin (Statistics not available).^[147]
  •  Falkland Islands, 100% European of British descent—total population 3,140.

The Virgin Islands divided between U.S. Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands, each have a small European minority.

Oceania

• Oceania -- Total population of Europeans in Oceania is approximately 23,185,000 or approximately 22,818,000 excluding Hawaii.
  •  Australia (European Australian) – 93.2% of the population or 20,299,000 people. People of aboriginal extraction number about 548,400, of which approximately 60,000 can speak Australian languages or Kriol.^[148]
  •  New Zealand (New Zealand European) – 59.1% of the population or 2,361,000, plus some Māori of mixed white-European descent.
  •  New Caledonia (Caldoche) – 44.6% of the population or about 112,050; the territory is under French rule.
  •  French Polynesia – 10% of the population (mostly French with some white Americans) or 26,700, and 6 to 8% are Euronesian (part white-Polynesian).^[149]
  •  Hawaii – Europeans are 27.1% of the population (2008 survey) or 367,000 (called Haoles), although 65% of all Hawaiians have white-European descent.
  •  Guam – 10% of the population have Spanish and white American descent (2000 Census) or about 17,800 people. Guam has a history of Spanish settlement before 1900, now a U.S. territory.^[150]
  •  Norfolk Island, about 50% British-Polynesian from Pitcairn Island (1,070 people) and 50% white-British descent mainly via Australia (1,070 people).

Contemporary European diasporas

• Albanian diaspora
• Armenian diaspora
• Basque diaspora
• Bosnian diaspora
• British diaspora
• Bulgarian diaspora
• Circassian diaspora
• Croatian diaspora
• Czech diaspora
• Dutch diaspora
• English diaspora
• French diaspora
• German diaspora
• Greek diaspora
• Hungarian diaspora
• Icelandic diaspora
• Irish diaspora
• Italian diaspora
• Kosovan diaspora
• Lithuanian diaspora
• Macedonian diaspora
• Maltese diaspora
• Polish diaspora
• Portuguese diaspora
• Romanian diaspora
  • Moldovan diaspora
• Russian diaspora
• Scottish diaspora
• Serbian diaspora
• Spanish diaspora
• Swedish diaspora
• Swiss diaspora
• Ukrainian diaspora
  • Ruthenians or Rusyns
• Welsh diaspora

Potential emigrants

According to a 2010 Gallup study, an estimated 80 million adults in the European Union would prefer to emigrate if given free choice. About half of these would migrate to another country within the EU. The remaining 40 million have a desired destination outside of the EU, about 14 million would migrate to North America (USA or Canada), and 9 million to Australia or New Zealand.^[151]

See also

• Emigration from Africa
• History of colonialism
• Immigration to Europe
• Indigenous people
• Western world
• Western culture
• White people

References

1. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 Census Briefs" (PDF). US Census Bureau. March 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2011.
2. "Tabelas de resultados Branca Preta Amarela Parda Indígena Sem declaração" (PDF). 8 November 2011. Retrieved 2014-07-11.
3. "South America : Argentina : People and society". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
4. "National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
5. Francisco Lizcano Fernández (2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). UAEM. p. 218. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2008.
6. "Mexico: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
7. Bushnell, David & Rex A. Hudson (2010) "The Society and Its Environment"; Colombia: a country study: 87. Washingtion D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
8. "White Colombians" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-16.
9. Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 Venezuela 2011 Census, (p. 14).
10. http://www.ine.gob.ve/ INE : (adapted the % of 41,1% white people from the census with the actual new official census results
11. "Ethnic groups". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Retrieved 2013-09-14.
12. "2012 Cuban Census" (PDF). one.cu (in Spanish). 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014.
13. "South Africa: Statistical release P0302: Mid-year population estimates 2009: Embargoed until: 27 July 2009" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
14. "Chile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2012-09-15. "Chile's ethnic makeup is largely a product of Spanish colonization. About three-fourths of Chileans are mestizo, a mixture of European and Amerindian ancestries. One fifth of Chileans are of white European (mainly Spanish) descent".
15. Ernesto Medina-Lois&Ana María Kaempffer Elementos de Salud Pública, Universidad de Chile. (See: Chapter 5.2.6 Estructura racial)
16. Statistics New Zealand Highlights: Ethnic groups in New Zealand
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