Eventual consistency

Eventual consistency is a consistency model used in distributed computing to achieve high availability that informally guarantees that, if no new updates are made to a given data item, eventually all accesses to that item will return the last updated value.[1] Eventual consistency is widely deployed in distributed systems, often under the moniker of optimistic replication,[2] and has origins in early mobile computing projects.[3] A system that has achieved eventual consistency is often said to have converged, or achieved replica convergence.[4] Eventual consistency is a weak guarantee – most stronger models, like linearizability are trivially eventually consistent, but a system that is merely eventually consistent doesn't usually fulfill these stronger constraints.

Eventually consistent services are often classified as providing BASE (Basically Available, Soft state, Eventual consistency) semantics, in contrast to traditional ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) guarantees.[5][6] Eventual consistency is sometimes criticized[7] as increasing the complexity of distributed software applications. This is partly because eventual consistency is purely a liveness guarantee (reads eventually return the same value) and does not make safety guarantees: an eventually consistent system can return any value before it converges.

Conflict resolution

In order to ensure replica convergence, a system must reconcile differences between multiple copies of distributed data. This consists of two parts:

The most appropriate approach to reconciliation depends on the application. A widespread approach is "last writer wins".[1] Another is to invoke a user-specified conflict handler.[4] Timestamps and vector clocks are often used to detect concurrency between updates.

Reconciliation of concurrent writes must occur sometime before the next read, and can be scheduled at different instants:[3][9]

Strong eventual consistency

Whereas EC is only a liveness guarantee (updates will be observed eventually), strong eventual consistency (SEC) adds the safety guarantee that any two nodes that have received the same (unordered) set of updates will be in the same state. If, furthermore, the system is monotonic, the application will never suffer rollbacks. Conflict-free replicated data types are a common approach to ensuring SEC.[10]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Vogels, W. (2009). "Eventually consistent". Communications of the ACM 52: 40. doi:10.1145/1435417.1435432.
  2. ↑ Vogels, W. (2008). "Eventually Consistent". Queue 6 (6): 14. doi:10.1145/1466443.1466448.
  3. 1 2 Terry, D. B.; Theimer, M. M.; Petersen, K.; Demers, A. J.; Spreitzer, M. J.; Hauser, C. H. (1995). "Managing update conflicts in Bayou, a weakly connected replicated storage system". Proceedings of the fifteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles - SOSP '95. p. 172. doi:10.1145/224056.224070. ISBN 0897917154.
  4. 1 2 Petersen, K.; Spreitzer, M. J.; Terry, D. B.; Theimer, M. M.; Demers, A. J. (1997). "Flexible update propagation for weakly consistent replication". ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 31 (5): 288. doi:10.1145/269005.266711.
  5. ↑ Pritchett, D. (2008). "Base: An Acid Alternative". Queue 6 (3): 48. doi:10.1145/1394127.1394128.
  6. ↑ Bailis, P.; Ghodsi, A. (2013). "Eventual Consistency Today: Limitations, Extensions, and Beyond". Queue 11 (3): 20. doi:10.1145/2460276.2462076.
  7. ↑ Yaniv Pessach (2013), Distributed Storage (Distributed Storage: Concepts, Algorithms, and Implementations ed.), Amazon, Systems using Eventual Consistency result in decreased system load and increased system availability but result in increased cognitive complexity for users and developers
  8. ↑ Demers, A.; Greene, D.; Hauser, C.; Irish, W.; Larson, J. (1987). "Epidemic algorithms for replicated database maintenance". Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM Symposium on Principles of distributed computing - PODC '87. p. 1. doi:10.1145/41840.41841. ISBN 978-0-89791-239-6.
  9. ↑ Olivier Mallassi (2010-06-09). "Let’s play with Cassandra… (Part 1/3)". http://blog.octo.com/en/: OCTO Talks!. Retrieved 2011-03-23. Of course, at a given time, chances are high that each node has its own version of the data. Conflict resolution is made during the read requests (called read-repair) and the current version of Cassandra does not provide a Vector Clock conflict resolution mechanisms [sic] (should be available in the version 0.7). Conflict resolution is so based on timestamp (the one set when you insert the row or the column): the higher timestamp win[s] and the node you are reading the data [from] is responsible for that. This is an important point because the timestamp is specified by the client, at the moment the column is inserted. Thus, all Cassandra clients’ [sic] need to be synchronized... line feed character in |quote= at position 511 (help)
  10. ↑ Shapiro, Marc; Preguiça, Nuno; Baquero, Carlos; Zawirski, Marek (2011-10-10). "Conflict-free replicated data types". SSS'11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Stabilization, safety, and the security of distributed systems (Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg): 386–400.


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