Wood wool

Excelsior, or wood wool

Wood wool, known primarily as excelsior in North America,[1] is a product made of wood slivers cut from logs and is mainly used in packaging, for cooling pads in home evaporative cooling systems known as swamp coolers, for erosion control mats, and as a raw material for the production of other products such as bonded wood wool boards and used as stuffing for stuffed animals.

Terminology

In the United States the term wood wool is reserved for finer grades of excelsior.[2][3] The U.S. Forest Service stated in 1948 and 1961 that, "In this country the product has no other general name, but in most other countries all grades of excelsior are known as wood wool. In the United States the name wood wool is reserved for only a small proportion of the output consisting of certain special grades of extra thin and narrow stock."[4]

The U.S. Standard Industrial Classification Index SIC is 2429 for the product "Wood wool (excelsior)".[5] The same term is used by the United States for the external trade number under which wood wool is monitored: HTS Number: 4405.00.00 Description: Wood wool (excelsior); wood flour.[6]

The number 4405.00 is applied to wood wool by the World Customs Organization in the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS).[7]

Grades and classifications

The 1973 U.S. federal procurement specification PPP-E-911, cancelled in 1991, categorized "wood excelsior" products according to the following table of terms and dimensions:[8]

            TABLE I.  Strand size for type I class A and B excelsior
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                                        Thickness of strand    Width of strand
Grade       Nomenclature                       Inch                 Inch
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  1         Superfine wood wool                0.006                0.020
  2         Wood wool                          0.012                0.020
  3         Extra fine                         0.015                0.031
  4         Fine                               0.018                0.031
  5         Medium                             0.021                0.041
  6         Coarse or ribbon                   0.015                0.167
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Applications

A patent illustrating cooling pads of excelsior

Excelsior has many applications, examples include:

Properties

Wood wool fibers can be compressed and when the pressure is removed they resume their initial volume. This is a useful property for minimizing their volume when shipping. Due to its high volume and large surface area, wood wool can be used for applications where water or moisture retention is necessary. The width of wood wool fibers varies from 1.5 to 20 mm, while their length is usually around 500 mm (depending on the production process).

In the UK there are specifications for dimensions, pH, moisture content and freedom from dust and small pieces, set by British Standard BS 2548 for wood wool for general packaging purposes.[20] This standard was originally issued in 1954 and subsequently re-issued in 1986.[21]

When these fibers are bonded with cement or magnesite, bonded wood wool boards are produced. Slabs of bonded wood wool are considered environmentally friendly construction and insulation materials because they do not contain organic binders.[22][23]

Production

Excelsior is cut from "bolts" (round, halved, quartered, or otherwise split logs[4]) of poplar[24] (for example aspen[25]), pine, spruce or eucalyptus.[26] For evaporative cooler pads, the dominant source is the aspen.[27]

Wood wool can be produced in either horizontal[28] or vertical shredding machines.[29]

A possible further processing option is washing, which removes dust.[30] Wood-wool processing may involve drying to reduce moisture[31] in compliance with local requirements, as in the UK.[21]

Finally, wood wool can be dyed to produce a variety of colored products.[32]

History

A different product was once known as "wood wool," as well as "pine needle-wool," or "pine wood-wool."[33] According to E. Littell,[34] it was produced in Breslau, Silesia (today Wrocław, Poland) by von Pannewich, who mentioned that in 1842 five hundred counterpanes made of it were purchased for a hospital in Vienna. The process was chemical and made use of the leaves (needles) of Scots Pine.

In England, yet another product known as wood wool was produced by the chemical breakdown of wood strips by means of sulphurous acid, for use in such applications as absorbent material in surgical dressings.[35] Another application of this product was use in sanitary towels, as shown in advertisements from 1885–1892 in Britain[36][37] for "wood wool diapers" or "sanitary wood wool sheets". European "wood wool" was known in America in the late nineteenth century as being distinctly different from excelsior.[38]

The wood wool that is the topic of this article is what has traditionally been known as excelsior in the United States. Fifteen U.S. patents related to "slivering machines" for producing the small wood shreds "known as excelsior" were listed in 1876.[39] The earliest, a machine for "Manufacturing wood to be used as a substitute for curled hair in stuffing beds" was patented in the U.S. in 1842;[40] however, the product had no specific name when the process was first patented.

The 1868 patent, "Improved capillary material for filling gas and air carburettors,"[41] was for a new use for "fibres torn from the wood by suitable machinery" to be "sold and used as filling for mattresses, its commercial name being 'excelsior'." This is the earliest description of the material by this name cited by the Oxford English Dictionary, though the term "excelsior mattress" had appeared in print as early as 1856.[42]

In 1906, the now-common use of excelsior in the cooling pads of evaporative coolers appeared in a patent that stated, "I have found that excelsior makes a very cheap and good material for this purpose."[43]

In the beginning of the 20th century wood wool was used as a raw material for producing wood wool panels in Europe, especially in Austria. By 1930, wood wool cement boards were being widely produced. [44]

In the 21st century, excelsior appears in numerous patents for erosion control and sediment control methods and devices; for example, the 2006 "Sediment control device and system."[45] A few late-twentieth-century patents on these uses refer to "excelsior/wood wool."[46]

In popular culture

For decades, the most common use of wood wool was for packing fragile items.

References

  1. ↑ U.S. commodity code: Wood wool (excelsior)
  2. ↑ Nelson Courtlandt Brown (1919). Forest Products, Their Manufacture and Use. J. Wiley. p. 425. ISBN 1-145-47804-2.
  3. ↑ W. F Gericke (2007). Soilless Gardening. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4067-7064-3.
  4. 1 2 Forest Products Laboratory (1948). Excelsior manufacture — Original report dated May 1948 — Reviewed and reaffirmed 1961 (PDF). U.S. Dept of Agriculture, Forest Service.
  5. ↑ U.S. Standard Industrial Classification Index SIC 2429 for "Wood wool (excelsior)"
  6. ↑ HTS Number for Wood wool (excelsior)
  7. ↑ Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS), page 2, 4405.00 wood wool
  8. ↑ "Federal Specification: Excelsior, Wood, Fabricated Pads and Bulk Form". September 28, 1973.
  9. ↑ "The Tradition of the excelsior stuffing". HERMANN-Spielwaren GmbH. Retrieved 24 July 2006.
  10. ↑ E. F. Lindsley (July 1984). "Solar air conditioners — the hotter it gets, the better they work". Popular Science (Times Mirror Magazines): 64–66. ISSN 0161-7370.
  11. ↑ Wood wool applications
  12. 1 2 "Mail Order Shipping of Day-Old Chicks". HOWELL FARM. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  13. ↑ Udderwoodwool
  14. ↑ David Daniel (2005). The Marble Kite. Macmillan. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-312-32351-6.
  15. ↑ Market Analysis of Erosion control Mats United States Department of Agriculture
  16. ↑ Wood wool Cement Boards, Production and use, page 284 in "The Ecology of Building Materials", Bjørn Berge, Filip Henley, Howard Liddell, Architectural Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7506-5450-3, ISBN 978-0-7506-5450-0
  17. ↑ Jim L. Bowyer, Rubin Shmulsky, John G. Haygreen (2007). Forest Products and Wood Science. Blackwell Publishing. p. 412. ISBN 978-0-8138-2036-1.
  18. ↑ Larry Wise (1992). Bow and Arrow: The Comprehensive Guide to Equipment, Technique, and Competition. Stackpole Books. p. 912. ISBN 978-0-8117-2411-1.
  19. ↑ Gericke, William F. (1940). The Complete Guide to Soilless Gardening (1st ed.). London: Putnam. pp. 38 & 84. ISBN 9781163140499.
  20. ↑ BS 2548 Specification for wood wool for general packaging purposes (British Standard)
  21. 1 2 BS 2548 BSI British Standards
  22. ↑ Wood Based Panels International, Friday, March 1 1996
  23. ↑ European Commission Research - Industrial Technologies, 15/09/2005
  24. ↑ The Black Poplar
  25. ↑ Roger E. Simmons (1912). Wood-using Industries of New Hampshire. I. C. Evans co. p. 53.
  26. ↑ The suitability of Eucalyptus grandis and two provenances of Pinus kesiya for wood wool-cement slab manufacture by A J Hawkes; A P Robinson; Publisher: London : Tropical Products Institute, 1978. ISBN 0-85954-086-3, ISBN 978-0-85954-086-5 OCLC 16562818
  27. ↑ Gert Jan Bom; et al. (1999). Evaporative Air-conditioning: Applications for Environmentally Friendly Cooling. World Bank Publications. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8213-4334-0.
  28. ↑ ISO 9567:1989 Woodworking machines — Horizontal shredding machines for wood wool production, quadruple effect — Nomenclature
  29. ↑ ISO 9615:1989 Woodworking machines — Vertical shredding machines for wood wool production, with hydraulic clamping — Nomenclature
  30. ↑ "Our wood wool is washed and cleaned to remove as much dust as possible"
  31. ↑ Kiln dried wood wool
  32. ↑ Colored Excelsior
  33. ↑ Peter Lund Simmonds (1858). The Dictionary of Trade Products, Manufacturing, and Technical Terms: With a Definition of the Moneys, Weights, and Measures of All Countries. G. Routledge. p. 288.
  34. ↑ E. Littell (1852). Living Age. Boston: Littell & Co.
  35. ↑ Bertram Blount, Arthur George Bloxam (1905). Chemistry for Engineers and Manufacturers. C. Griffin and Company, Limited. p. 281.
  36. ↑ Wood wool diapers, 1885-1895 advertisements
  37. ↑ Advertisement for "sanitary wood wool sheets", 1895
  38. ↑ H. A. Hare and Edward Martin (editors) (1897). Therapeutic Gazette Series III Volume XIII. Detroit: William M. Warren. p. 242.
  39. ↑ Edward Henry Knight (1876). Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary: A Description of Tools, Instruments, Machines, Processes, and Engineering; History of Inventions; General Technological Vocabulary; and Digest of Mechanical Appliances in Science and the Arts 3. Hurd and Houghton. p. 2214.
  40. ↑ Wm. Baker (1842). "Machine for manufacturing wood so as to be used as a substitute for curled hair in stuffing beds". U.S. patent 2654.
  41. ↑ John A. Bassett (1868). "Improved capillary material for filling gas and air carburettors". U.S. patent 60670.
  42. ↑ Michigan State Agricultural Society (1856). Transactions of the State Agricultural Society of Michigan: With Reports of County Agricultural Societies, for the Year 1849-59, vol. 7 (1855). p. 139.
  43. ↑ John Zellweger (1906). "Air filter and cooler". U.S. patent 838602.
  44. ↑ New strands to the wood wool story Botting, Mike in Wood Based Panels International, June 1, 1997
  45. ↑ Peter S. Sanguinetti (2006). "Sediment control device and system". U.S. patent 7021869.
  46. ↑ Erosion control blanket and method of, U.S. Patent 5786281, Jul 28, 1998
  47. ↑ Major award packing material
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