Exploration diamond drilling
Exploration diamond drilling is used in the mining industry to probe the contents of known ore deposits and potential sites. By withdrawing a small diameter core of rock from the orebody, geologists can analyse the core by chemical assay and conduct petrologic, structural and mineralogical studies of the rock.
History
Early diamond drilling opened up many new areas for mineral mining, and was related to a boom in mineral exploration in remote locations. Before the invention of the portable diamond drill, most mineral prospecting was limited to finding outcrops at the surface and hand digging.
Diamond drilling
Exploration diamond drilling differs from other geological drilling (see Drilling rig) in that a solid core is extracted from depth, for examination on the surface. The key technology of the diamond drill is the actual diamond bit itself. It is composed of industrial diamonds set into a soft metallic matrix. As shown in the figure, the diamonds are scattered throughout the matrix, and the action relies on the matrix to slowly wear during the drilling, so as to expose more diamonds. The bit is mounted onto a drill stem, which is connected to a rotary drill. Water is injected into the drill pipe, so as to wash out the rock cuttings produced by the bit and also to reduce the heat produced due to friction which causes less wear and tear of the bits. An actual diamond bit is a complex affair, usually designed for a specific rock type, with many channels for washing.[1]
The drill uses a diamond encrusted drill bit (pictured on the right) to drill through the rock. The drill produces a "core" which is photographed and split longitudinally. Half of the split core is assayed while the other half is permanently stored for future use and re-assaying if necessary. Although a larger diameter core is the most preferred it is the most expensive. The most common diameter sizes of core are NQ and CHD 76.
Early exploration companies tended to choose drilling contractors who typically charge per meter rates and/or day rate depending on difficulty of project. For example, Energold Drilling would provide diamond drilling services for projects with limited infrastructure and focus on portability, whereas larger drilling groups such as Boart Longyear tended to work on established producing mine sites.
Core extraction
Merely advancing the drill by rotary action (and washing) causes a core to be extracted inside the barrel as shown. However, at a depth of perhaps 300 m, there must be a way to retrieve the core and take it to the surface. Constantly withdrawing the entire heavy drill pipe is impractical, so methods were developed to pull up the core inside the barrel. If the rock would always be solid granite, and the core would always break at the drill bit, then it would be a simple matter to stop the drilling, and lower a simple grabbing device by a wire and pull up the core. Unfortunately, many applications require an undisturbed core in fractured rock, which calls for elaborate wire-line devices.
The photo shows the extraction of a core, using a triple-tube wire-line system, capable of extracting core under the worst conditions.[2] This is very important when exploring fault zones such as the San Andreas Fault.
Tube sizes
There are five major "wire line" tube sizes typically used. Larger tubes produced larger diameter rock cores and require more drill power to drive them. The choice of tube size is a trade-off between the rock core diameter desired and the depth that can be drilled with a particular drilling rig motor.
Standard "Q" wire line bit sizes[3]
| Size | Hole (outside) diameter, mm |
Core (inside) diameter, mm |
|---|---|---|
| AQ | 48 | 27 |
| BQ | 60 | 36.5 |
| NQ | 75.7 | 47.6 |
| HQ | 96 | 63.5 |
| PQ | 122.6 | 85 |
| CHD 76 | 75.7 | 43.5 |
| CHD 101 | 101.3 | 63.5 |
| CHD 134 | 134.0 | 85.0 |
Notes
- ↑ de la Vergne, Jack (2003). Hard Rock Miner's Handbook. Tempe/North Bay: McIntosh Engineering. pp. 4–12. ISBN 0-9687006-1-6.
- ↑ "Wire line coring" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-08-13.
- ↑ Products-Core bit & Reaming shell