Extended physiological proprioception

Extended physiological proprioception (EPP) is a concept pioneered by D.C. Simpson (1972) to describe the ability to perceive at the tip of a tool, in this case a prosthetic limb. The work was based on pneumatic prosthesis developed in response to disabilities incurred by infants as the result of use of the drug, thalidomide, by mothers from 1957 to 1962. How a person identifies with his-or-herself changes after a lower limb amputation affects body image, functioning, awareness, and future projections.

People with amputations have reported phantom limbs.^[1][2] This serves as evidence that the brain is hard-wired to perceive body image, making it notable that sensory input and proprioceptive feedback are not essential in its formation.^[3] Losing an anatomical part through amputation sets a person up for complex perceptual, emotional, and psychological responses.^[4][5] Such responses include phantom limb pain, which is the painful feeling some amputees incur after amputation in the area lost.^[6][7] Phantom limb pain permits a natural acceptance and use of prosthetic limbs.^[8]

See also

• The Extended Mind
• Embodied cognition
• Situated cognition

References

1. Bradshaw, John L.; Georgiou-Karistianis, Nellie; Gibson, Stephen J.; Giummarra, Melita J. (2007). "Central mechanisms in phantom limb perception: The past, present and future'".
2. Holcombe, Alex O.; Seizova-Cajic, Tatjana (2008). "Illusory motion reversals from unambiguous motion with visual, proprioceptive, and tactile stimuli'".
3. Price, Elfed Huw (2012). "A critical review of congenital phantom limb cases and a developmental theory for the basis of body image (2005) *Yue H. Yin, Yuan J. Fan, and Li D. Xu, Senior Member, EMG and EPP-Integrated Human–Machine Interface Between the Paralyzed and Rehabilitation Exoskeleton'".
4. Yin, Yue H.; Fan, Yuan J.; Xu, Li D (2012). "EMG and EPP-Integrated Human–Machine Interface Between the Paralyzed and Rehabilitation Exoskeleton'".
5. Senra, Huga; Oliveira, Rui A.; Vieira, Cristina (2012). "Beyond the body image: a qualitative study on how adults experience lower limb amputation'".
6. Hill, Anne (1999). "Phantom Limb Pain: A Review of the Literature on Attributes and Potential Mechanisms".
7. Parkes, C.M. (1975). "Psychosocial transitions: comparison between reactions to loss of a limb and loss of a spouse".
8. Batty, Richard; McGrath, Laura; Reavey, Paula (2014). "Embodying limb absence in the negotiation of sexual intimacy".

• DC Simpson and others, The choice of control system for the multimovement prosthesis: extended physiological proprioception (epp) The control of upper-extremity prostheses and orthoses C. Thomas (1974)
• Dick H. Plettenburg, ``Prosthetic control: a case for Extended Physiological Proprioception. MEC '02 The Next Generation, Proceedings of the 2002 MyoElectric Controls/Powered Prosthetics Symposium IBME, University of New Brunswick (2002) http://hdl.handle.net/10161/2669
• Doubler JA, Childress, DS, An analysis of extended physiological proprioception as a prosthesis-control technique. (1984)
• Melita J. Giummarra, Stephen J. Gibson, Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis, and John L. Bradshaw, Central mechanisms in phantom limb perception: The past, present and future (2007)
• Elfed Huw Price, A critical review of congenital phantom limb cases and a developmental theory for the basis of body image (2005)
• Yue H. Yin, Yuan J. Fan, and Li D. Xu, Senior Member, EMG and EPP-Integrated Human–Machine Interface Between the Paralyzed and Rehabilitation Exoskeleton (2012)
• Alex O. Holcombe, and Tatjana Seizova-Cajic, Illusory motion reversals from unambiguous motion with visual, proprioceptive, and tactile stimuli (2008)
• Anne Hill, Phantom Limb Pain: A Review of the Literature on Attributes and Potential Mechanisms (1999)
• CM Parkes, Psychosocial transitions: comparison between reactions to loss of a limb and loss of a spouse (1975)
• Richard Batty, Laura McGrath, and Paula Reavey, Embodying limb absence in the negotiation of sexual intimacy (2014)
• Huga Senra, Rui Aragao Oliveira, Isabel Leal and Cristina Vieira, Beyond the body image: a qualitative study on how adults experience lower limb amputation (2012)