In human anatomy, the extensor indicis [proprius] is a narrow, elongated skeletal muscle in the deep layer of the dorsal forearm, placed medial to, and parallel with, the extensor pollicis longus. Its tendon goes to the index finger, which it extends.
Structure
It arises from the distal third of the dorsal part of the body of ulna and from the interosseous membrane. It runs through the fourth tendon compartment together with the extensor digitorum, from where it projects into the dorsal aponeurosis of the index finger.
[1]
Opposite the head of the second metacarpal bone, it joins the ulnar side of the tendon of the extensor digitorum which belongs to the index finger.
Like the extensor digiti minimi (i.e. the extensor of the little finger), the tendon of the extensor indicis runs and inserts on the ulnar side of the tendon of the common extensor digitorum.[2] The extensor indicis lacks the juncturae tendinum interlinking the tendons of the extensor digitorum on the dorsal side of the hand.
[3]
Variation
The extensor indicis proprius does not show much variation. It exists as a single tendon most of the time.[4] The absence of the muscle was rarely reported with an incidence ranging from 0% to 4%.[5] Double tendons of the extensor indicis proprius was also reported.[2][6][7]
It is known that the extensor indicis proprius inserts to the index finger on the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum.[8] However, the insertion on the radial side of the common extensor digitorum infrequently seen, namely the extensor indicis radialis.[2] Split tendons of the muscle inserting on both ulnar and the radial side of the common extensor digitorum was also reported.[2]
Anomalous hand extensors including the extensor medii proprius and the extensor indicis et medii communis are often seen as variations of the extensor indicis [2] due to the shared characteristics and embryonic origin.[9]
Function
The extensor indicis extends the index finger, and by its continued action assists in extending (dorsiflexion) the wrist and the midcarpal joints.[1]
Because the index finger and little finger have separate extensors, these fingers can be moved more independently than the other fingers.
[3]
Additional images
| The mucous sheaths of the tendons on the back of the wrist. (Extensor indicis proprius visible going into second digit.) |
| Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect. |
| Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles. |
| Transverse section across the wrist and digits. |
| Muscles of hand. Posterior view. |
| Muscles of hand. Posterior view. |
|
Notes
- 1 2 Platzer 2004, p. 168
- 1 2 3 4 5 "VARIATIONS OF THE EXTENSOR INDICIS MUSCLE AND TENDON" (PDF). ac.els-cdn.com. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
- 1 2 Ross & Lamperti 2006, p. 300
- ↑ Dass, Prameela; Prabhu, Latha V.; Pai, Mangala M.; Nayak, Varsha; Kumar, Ganesh; Janardhanan, Jiji P. (Nov–Dec 2011). "A comprehensive study of the extensor tendons to the medial four digits of the hand". Chang Gung Medical Journal 34 (6): 612–619. ISSN 2309-835X. PMID 22196064.
- ↑ "Absence of extensor indicis: A rare anatomical variant | Trivedi | International Journal of Biomedical Research". www.ssjournals.com. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
- ↑ "Double tendon of the Human Extensor Indicis Muscle provides "insight' into individual development -- Kumka 22 (1): 983.2 -- The FASEB Journal". www.fasebj.org. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
- ↑ Aziz, M. Ashraf; Dunlap, Samuel Strong (1986-07-01). "The human extensor digitorum profundus muscle with comments on the evolution of the primate hand". Primates 27 (3): 293–319. doi:10.1007/BF02382073. ISSN 0032-8332.
- ↑ "Anatomy of the human body". archive.org. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
- ↑ Straus, W.I. (1941). "Phylogeny of human forearm extensors". Ann Hum Biol (13): 203–238.
See also
References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1.
- Ross, Lawrence M. (ed.); Lamperti, Edward D. (ed.) (2006). Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System. Thieme. ISBN 1-58890-419-9.
External links
