F. W. Murnau

F. W. Murnau
Born	Friedrich Wilhelm Plumpe December 28, 1888 Bielefeld, Province of Westphalia, German Empire
Died	March 11, 1931 (aged 42) Santa Barbara, California, U.S.
Occupation	Film director
Years active	1919–1931
Height	6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)

Friedrich Wilhelm "F. W." Murnau (born Friedrich Wilhelm Plumpe; December 28, 1888 – March 11, 1931) was a German film director. Murnau was greatly influenced by Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Shakespeare and Ibsen plays he had seen at the age of 12, and became a friend of director Max Reinhardt. During World War I he served as a company commander at the eastern front and was in the German air force, surviving several crashes without any severe injuries.

Arguably Murnau's most-known work is his 1922 film Nosferatu, an adaptation of Bram Stoker's Dracula. Although not a commercial success due to copyright issues with Stoker's novel, the film was considered a masterpiece of Expressionist artwork. He was also known for his work with the 1924 film The Last Laugh and his interpretation of Goethe's Faust (1926). He later emigrated to Hollywood in 1926, where he joined the Fox Studio and made three films, including Sunrise (1927), 4 Devils (1928) and City Girl (1930).

In 1931 Murnau travelled to Bora Bora to make the film Tabu with documentary film pioneer Robert J. Flaherty, who left after artistic disputes with Murnau, who had to finish the movie on his own. A week prior to the opening of the film Tabu, Murnau died in a Santa Barbara hospital from injuries he had received in an automobile accident that occurred along the Pacific Coast Highway near Rincon Beach, southeast of Santa Barbara.

Of the 21 films Murnau directed, 8 have been completely lost, leaving 13 surviving in their entirety. One reel of his feature Marizza, genannt die Schmuggler-Madonna survives.

Early years

Murnau was born in Bielefeld, Province of Westphalia, and grew up in Kassel from the time he was seven.^[1] He had two brothers, Bernhard and Robert, and two stepsisters, Ida and Anna. Murnau's mother Otilie Volbracht was the second wife of his father Heinrich Plumpe, the owner of a cloth factory in the north-western part of Germany. Their villa was often turned into a stage for little plays, directed by Murnau, who already read books of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Shakespeare and Ibsen plays at the age of 12.^[2][3] He took the name "Murnau" from the town of that name, which is near Lake Staffel, south of Munich. The 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) director was said to have an icy, imperious disposition and an obsession with film.^[4]

Murnau studied philology at the University in Berlin and later art history and literature in Heidelberg, where director Max Reinhardt saw him at a students' performance and decided to invite him to his actor-school. He soon became a friend of Franz Marc (the Blue Rider artist based in Murnau), Else Lasker-Schüler and Hans Ehrenbaum-Degele. In World War I Murnau served as a company commander at the eastern front.^[2] Murnau joined the German air force in northern France two years later and survived eight crashes without severe injuries. He landed in Switzerland where he was interned and won a prize for the best production-concept.

Career

After World War I ended, Murnau returned to Germany where he soon established his own film studio with actor Conrad Veidt. His first feature-length film, The Boy in Blue, a drama inspired by the famous Thomas Gainsborough painting, was released in 1919. He explored the popular theme of dual personalities, much like Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, in 1920's Der Janus-Kopf starring Veidt and Bela Lugosi.^[5]

F.W. Murnau shooting a film in 1920.

Murnau's most famous film is Nosferatu, a 1922 adaptation of Bram Stoker's Dracula for which Stoker's widow sued for copyright infringement. Murnau lost the lawsuit and all prints of the film were ordered to be destroyed, but bootleg prints survived. The vampire, played by German stage actor Max Schreck, resembled a rat which was known to carry the plague. The origins of the word are from Stoker's novel, where it is used by the Romanian townsfolk to refer to Count Dracula and presumably, other undead.

Nearly as important as Nosferatu in Murnau's filmography was The Last Laugh ("Der Letzte Mann", German "The Last Man") (1924), written by Carl Mayer (a very prominent figure of the Kammerspielfilm movement) and starring Emil Jannings. The film introduced the subjective point of view camera, where the camera "sees" from the eyes of a character and uses visual style to convey a character's psychological state. It also anticipated the cinéma vérité movement in its subject matter. The film also used the "unchained camera technique", a mix of tracking shots, pans, tilts, and dolly moves. Also, unlike the majority of Murnau's other works, The Last Laugh is considered a Kammerspielfilm with Expressionist elements. Unlike expressionist films, Kammerspielfilme are categorized by their chamber play influence, involving a lack of intricate set designs and story lines / themes regarding social injustice towards the working classes. Murnau was a homosexual.^[6][4][7]

Murnau's last German film was the big budget Faust (1926) with Gösta Ekman as the title character, Emil Jannings as Mephisto and Camilla Horn as Gretchen. Murnau's film draws on older traditions of the legendary tale of Faust as well as on Goethe's classic version. The film is well known for a sequence in which the giant, winged figure of Mephisto hovers over a town sowing the seeds of plague.

Nosferatu (music by Hans Erdmann) and Faust (music by Werner R. Heymann) were two of the first films to feature original film scores.

Hollywood

F.W. Murnau with Henri Matisse in Tahiti in 1930.

Murnau emigrated to Hollywood in 1926, where he joined the Fox Studio and made Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927), a movie often cited by scholars as one of the greatest of all time.^[8] Released in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system (music and sound effects only), Sunrise was not a financial success, but received several Oscars at the very first Academy Awards ceremony in 1929. In winning the Academy Award for Unique and Artistic Production it shared what is now the Best Picture award with the movie Wings. In spite of this, Murnau was financially well off, and purchased a farm in Oregon.^[9]

Murnau's next two films, the (now lost) 4 Devils (1928) and City Girl (1930), were modified to adapt to the new era of sound film and were not well received. Their poor receptions disillusioned Murnau, and he quit Fox to journey for a while in the South Pacific.^[1]

Together with documentary film pioneer Robert J. Flaherty, Murnau travelled to Bora Bora to make the film Tabu in 1931. Flaherty left after artistic disputes with Murnau who had to finish the movie on his own. The movie was censored in the United States for images of bare-breasted Polynesian women. The film was originally shot by cinematographer Floyd Crosby as half-talkie, half-silent, before being fully restored as a silent film — Murnau's preferred medium.

Death

Grave and bust, by Ludwig Manzel, in the Stahnsdorf Southwestern Cemetery

Murnau's memorial plaque in Berlin.

A week prior to the opening of the film Tabu, Murnau drove up the coast from Los Angeles, California in a hired Rolls-Royce. The young driver, a 14-year-old Filipino servant,^[10] crashed the car against an electric pole. Murnau hit his head and died in a hospital the next day, in nearby Santa Barbara,^[1][11] before the premiere of his last film.

Murnau was entombed in Southwest Cemetery in Stahnsdorf (Südwest-Kirchhof Stahnsdorf) near Berlin. Only 11 people attended the funeral. Among them were Robert J. Flaherty, Emil Jannings, Greta Garbo and Fritz Lang, who delivered the eulogy. Garbo also commissioned a death mask of Murnau, which she kept on her desk during her years in Hollywood.^[4]

In July 2015 Murnau's grave was broken into, the remains disturbed and the skull removed by persons unknown.^[12] Wax residue was reportedly found at the site, leading some to speculate that candles had been lit, perhaps with an occult or ceremonial significance. As this disturbance was not an isolated incident, the cemetery managers are considering sealing the grave.^[13]

References in popular culture

In 2000, director E. Elias Merhige released Shadow of the Vampire, a fictionalization of the making of Nosferatu. Murnau is portrayed by John Malkovich. In the film, Murnau is so dedicated to making the film genuine that he actually hires a real vampire (Willem Dafoe) to play Count Orlok.

In the fifth season of American Horror Story, subtitled Hotel, Murnau is a mentioned character who, sometime in the early 1920s, travels to the Carpathian Mountains while doing research for the film Nosferatu. There, he discovers a community of vampires, and becomes one himself. After returning to the United States, Murnau turns actor Rudolph Valentino and Natacha Rambova into vampires to preserve their beauty. Valentino later transforms his fictional lover, Elizabeth Johnson, into a vampire, and she goes on to become The Countess, the central antagonist of the season.

Filmography

Original Title	English Title	Year	Notes
Der Knabe in Blau	The Boy in Blue / Emerald of Death	1919	Lost film, minor fragments survive
Satanas		1920	Lost film, minor fragments survive
Der Bucklige und die Tänzerin	The Hunchback and the Dancer	1920	Lost film
Der Janus-Kopf	Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde / The Head of Janus	1920	Lost film
Abend – Nacht – Morgen	Evening – Night – Morning	1920	Lost film
Sehnsucht	Desire: The Tragedy of a Dancer	1921	Lost film
Der Gang in die Nacht	Journey Into the Night	1921
Schloß Vogelöd	The Haunted Castle / Castle Vogeloed	1921
Marizza, genannt die Schmuggler-Madonna	Marizza, called the Smuggler Madonna	1922	Mostly lost, one reel survives
Der brennende Acker	The Burning Soil	1922
Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens	Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror	1922
Phantom		1922
Die Austreibung	The Expulsion	1923	Lost film
Comedy of the Heart		1924	Writer only
Die Finanzen des Großherzogs	The Finances of the Grand Duke	1924
Der letzte Mann	The Last Laugh	1924
Herr Tartüff	Tartuffe	1925
Faust		1926	Last German film
Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans		1927
4 Devils		1928	Generally regarded as one of Murnau's best works and is a highly sought-after lost film
City Girl		1930
Tabu		1931

References

1. "F.W. Murnau". TCM. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015.
2. "Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau". internettrash.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2005.
3. Hergemöller, Bernd-Ulrich (2010). Mann für Mann. LIT Verlag. ISBN 978-3643106933.
4. Eisner, Lotte H. (1973). Murnau. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520022850.
5. "F. W. Murnau Biography". Biography.com. p. 1. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
6. Brockmann, Stephen (2015). A critical history of German film. Camden House. ISBN 1-571134689.
7. Isenberg, Noah (2009). Weimar Cinema : an essential guide to classic films of the era. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231130546.
8. "Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927)". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
9. DiMare, Phillip C., ed. (2011). Movies in American History: An Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 755.
10. Friederich Wilhelm Murnau. Nosferatumovie.com. Accessed from August 8, 2012.
11. "F. W. Murnau Killed in Coast Auto Crash.". The New York Times. March 12, 1931. Retrieved 2009-01-22. Movie Director Planned to Go Home to Germany After Making South Seas Film. F.W. Murnau, German and American moving picture director, died this morning in a local hospital from injuries received in an automobile accident yesterday afternoon on the Coast Highway north of here.
12. "Nosferatu director's skull believed stolen". BBC News. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
13. "Nosferatu director's head stolen from grave in Germany". Guardian News. Retrieved 15 July 2015.

External links

• F. W. Murnau Foundation
• F. W. Murnau at AllMovie
• F. W. Murnau at the Internet Movie Database
• F. W. Murnau at filmportal.de
• F. W. Murnau at Find a Grave