Intercontinental Cup (football)
| Founded |
1960 1980 (in its last format) |
|---|---|
| Abolished | 2004 |
| Region |
Europe (UEFA) South America (CONMEBOL) |
| Number of teams | 2 |
| Last champions |
 Porto(2nd title) |
| Most successful club(s) |
 Peñarol Nacional Milan Real Madrid Boca Juniors(3 titles each) |
The Intercontinental Cup, known earlier as European/South American Cup, and as Toyota Cup from 1980 to 2004 for commercial reasons by agreement with the automaker, was an official international football competition endorsed by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL),[1][2] contested between representative clubs from these confederations, usually the winners of the European Champions' Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League), and the South American Copa Libertadores.
From its formation in 1960 to 1979, the competition was contested over a two legged tie, with a playoff if necessary until 1968, and penalty kicks later. During the 1970s, European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question due controversial events in the 1969 final,[3] and some European Champions Club' winner teams withdrew.[4] From 1980 until 2004, the competition was contested over a single match held in Japan and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota, which offered a secondary trophy, the Toyota Cup.[5]
All the winning teams are regarded as de facto "world club champions". The first winner of the cup was Spanish side Real Madrid, defeating Uruguayan side Peñarol in 1960. The last winner was Portuguese side Porto, defeating Colombian side Once Caldas in a penalty shoot-out in 2004.
History
Beginnings
Created in 1960 at the initiative of the European confederation (UEFA), with CONMEBOL's support, the European/South American Cup, known also as the Intercontinental Cup, was contested by the holders of the European Champion Clubs’ Cup and the winners of its newly established South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. FIFA failed to authorise the competition in the 1960s[6] in 1961 prohibiting the competition from taking place unless the participants gave it a "private friendly match" status;[7] however, the competition went on, being endorsed by both UEFA and CONMEBOL all over its history, from 1960 to 2004, and both UEFA and CONMEBOL consider all editions official by including them in their records.[8][9][10] It was the brainchild of UEFA president Henri Delaunay, who also helped Jules Rimet in the realization of the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930.[11][12] Initially played over two legs, with a third match if required in the early years (when goal difference did not count), the competition had a rather turbulent existence. The first winners of the competition was Spanish club Real Madrid. Real Madrid managed to hold Uruguayan side Peñarol 0-0 in Montevideo and trounce the South Americans 5-1 in Madrid to become the first winners of the competition.[13][14][15] After the victory of Real Madrid in the first edition of the Intercontinental Cup, Barcelona newspaper El Mundo Deportivo hailed the Madrid team as the First World Champion Club, on the one hand pointing out that the competition "did not include Africans, Asians and other countries part to FIFA", on the other hand expressing doubt that these regions might present football of the same high quality of Europe and South America.[16] The Spaniards titled themselves world champions until FIFA stepped in and objected; citing that the competition did not include any other champions from the other confederations, FIFA stated that they can only claim to be intercontinental champions of a competition played between two organizations.[17] Peñarol would appear again the following year and come out victorious after beating Portuguese club Benfica on the playoff; after a 1-0 win by the Europeans in Lisboa and a 5-0 trashing by the South Americans, a playoff at the Estadio Centenario saw the home side squeeze a 2-1 win to become the first South American side to win the competition.[18][19][20]
In 1962 the tournament grew more in worldwide attention after it was swept through the sublime football of a Santos team led by Pelé, considered by some the best club team of all times.[21] Os Santásticos, also known as O Balé Branco (or white ballet), which dazzled the world during that time and containing stars such as Gilmar, Mauro, Mengálvio, Coutinho, and Pepe, won the title after defeating Benfica 3-2 in Rio de Janeiro and thrashing the Europeans 2-5 in their Estádio da Luz.[22][23][24] Santos would successfully defend the title in 1963 after being pushed all the way by Milan. After each side won 4-2 at their respective home legs, a playoff match at the Maracanã saw Santos keep the title after a tight 1-0 victory.[22][25] The competition had attracted the interest of other continents. The North and Central America condeferation, CONCACAF, had asked, unsuccessfully, to participate.[24][26] Milan's fierce rivals, Inter Milan, would go on to win the 1964 and 1965 editions, beating Argentine club Independiente on both occasions.[27][28][29][30][31] Peñarol gain revenge for their loss in 1960 by crushing Real Madrid 4-0 in aggregate in 1966.[20][32][33]
Rioplatense violence
However, as a result of the violence often practised in the Copa Libertadores by Argentine and Uruguayan clubs during the 1960s,[34] disagreements with CONMEBOL, the lack of financial incentives and the violent, brutal and controversial way the Brazilian national team was treated in the 1966 FIFA World Cup by European teams, Brazilian football - including its club sides - declined to participate in international competitions in the late 1960s, including the Copa Libertadores and consequently the Intercontinental Cup. During this time, the competition became dogged by foul play.[35] Calendar problems, acts of brutality, even on the pitch, and boycotts tarnished its image, to the point of bringing into question the wisdom of organizing it at all.
The 1967 edition between Argentina's Racing Club and Scotland's Celtic was a violent affair, with the third decisive game being dubbed "The Battle of Montevideo" after three players from the Scottish side and two the Argentine side were sent off. A fourth Celtic player was also dismissed, but amid the chaos he got away with staying on.[36][37][38][39]
The following season, Argentine side Estudiantes de La Plata faced England's Manchester United in which the return leg saw Estudiantes come out on top of a bad-tempered series.[40][41][42] But it was the events of 1969 which damaged the competition's integrity.[43] After a 3-0 win at San Siro, Milan went to Buenos Aires to play Estudiantes at La Bombonera.[44][45][46] Estudiantes' players booted balls at the Milan team as they warmed up and hot coffee was poured on the Italians as they emerged from the tunnel by Estudiantes' fans. Estudiantes resorted to inflicting elbows and allegedly even needles at the Milanese team in order to intimidate them. Pierino Prati was knocked unconscious and continued for a further 20 minutes despite suffering from a mild concussion. Estudiantes goalkeeper Alberto Poletti also punched Gianni Rivera, but the most vicious treatment was reserved for Nestor Combin-an Argentinean-born striker, who had faced accusations of being a traitor as he was on the opposite side of the intercontinental match.[43][47][48]
Combin was kicked in the face by Poletti and later had his nose and cheekbone broken by the elbow of Ramón Aguirre Suárez. Bloodied and broken, Combin was asked to return to the pitch by the referee but fainted. While unconscious, Combin was arrested by Argentine police on a charge of draft dodging, having not undertaken military service in the country. The player was forced to spend a night in the cells, eventually being released after explaining he had fulfilled national service requirements as a French citizen.[43] Estudiantes won the game 2-1 but Milan took the title on aggregate.[43][46][47][48]
Italian newspaper Gazzetta dello Sport dubbed it "Ninety minutes of a man-hunt". The Argentinean press responded with "The English were right" - a reference to Alf Ramsey's famous description of the Argentina national football team as "animals" during the 1966 FIFA World Cup.[43][47][48] The Argentinean Football Association (AFA), under heavy international pressure, took stern action. Argentina's President, military dictator Juan Carlos Onganía, summoned Estudiantes delegate Oscar Ferrari and demanded "the severest appropriate measures in defence of the good name of the national sport. [It was a] lamentable spectacle which breached most norms of sporting ethics".[43][47][48] Poletti was banned from the sport for life, Suarez was banned for 30 games, and Eduardo Manera for 20 with the former and latter serving a month in jail.[43]
Degradation
Due to the brutality in these editions, FIFA was called into providing penalties and regulating the tournament. However, FIFA stated that it could not stipulate regulations in a competition that it did not organize. Though the competition was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL as an official competition, René Courte, FIFA's General Sub-Secretary, wrote an article shortly afterwards stating that FIFA viewed the competition as a "European-South American friendly match".[49] Courte's statement was endorsed by then FIFA president Sir Stanley Rous, who then stated that FIFA saw the Intercontinental Cup as a friendly match.[50][51][52][53] Madrid newspaper ABC then pointed out that, though the Intercontinental Cup was not officially endorsed by FIFA, it was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, therefore being an "intercontinental jurisdiction" cup.[54] However, with the Asian and North-Central American club competitions in place, FIFA opened the idea of supervising the competition if it included those confederations, which was met with a negative response from its participating confederations, UEFA and CONMEBOL. According to Stanley Rous, CONCACAF and the Asian Football Confederation had requested their participation in the Intercontinental Cup, which was rejected by UEFA and CONMEBOL.[55][56][57][58][59][60] Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.[61]
Estudiantes would face Dutch side Feyenoord the following season, which saw the Europeans victorious. Oscar Malbernat ripped off Joop van Daele's glasses and trampled on them claiming that he was "not allowed to play with glasses."[62][63][64][65] Dutch side Ajax, European champions of 1971, would decline to face Uruguay's Nacional due to the latter side's reputation for violent play, which resulted in European Cup runners-up, Greek side Panathinaikos, participating.[66][67][68] Nacional's Luis Artime ended up breaking Yiannis Tomaras' leg in two places in the first leg as Nacional won the series 3-2 on aggregate.[66][67][68][69]
Ajax participated in 1972 against Independiente.[70][71][72] The team's arrival at Buenos Aires was extremely hostile: Johan Cruyff received several death threats from Independiente's local fan firms.[73] Due to the indifference from the Argentine police, Ajax manager Ştefan Kovács appointed an organized emergency security detail for the Nederlandse meester, headed by himself and team member Barry Hulshoff, described as a big and burly man.[73] In the first leg, Cruyff opened the scoring in Avellaneda at the 5th minute. As a result, Dante Mircoli retaliated with a vicious tackle a couple of minutes later; Cruyff was too injured to continue and the Dutch team found themselves being assaulted with tackles and punches.[70][71][72] Kovács had to convince his team to play on during half-time as his players wanted to withdraw.[70][71][72] Ajax squeezed a 1-1 tie and followed up with a 3-0 trounce in Amsterdam to win the Cup.[70][71][72][74] Although Ajax were the defending champions, they again declined to participate a year later after Independiente won Libertadores again, leaving it to Juventus, European Cup runners-up, to play a single-match final won by the Argentines.[71][72][75][76] That same year, French newspaper L'Equipe, who helped bring about the birth of the European Cup, volunteered to sponsor a Club World Cup contested by the champions of Europe, South America, Central and North America and Africa, the only continental club tournaments in existence at the time; the competition was to potentially take place in Paris between September and October 1974 with an eventual final to be held at the Parc des Princes.[61][61][77][78][79] The proposal, supported by the South Americans,[61] was dismissed due to the negativity of the Europeans.[79]
German club Bayern Munich also declined to play in 1974 as Independiente again qualified to participate.[80][81][82][83] European Cup runners-up Atlético Madrid from Spain won the competition 2-1 on aggregate.[80][81] Once again, Independiente qualified to participate in 1975; this time, both finalists of the European Cup declined to participate and the competition was not played.[84] That same year, L'Equipe tried, once again, to create a Club World Cup, in which the participants would have been: the four semifinalists of the European Cup, both finalists of the Copa Libertadores, as well as the African and Asian champions. However, UEFA declined once again and the proposal failed.[85]
In 1976, when Brazilian side Cruzeiro won the Copa Libertadores, the European champions Bayern Munich willingly participated, with the Bavarians winning 2–0 on aggregate. In an interview with Jornal do Brasil, Bayern's manager Dettmar Cramer denied that Bayern's refusal to dispute the 1974 and 1975 Intercontinental Cups were a result of the rivals being Argentine teams. He claimed it was a scheduling impossibility, rather, which kept the Germans from participating. He also stated that the competition was not economically rewarding due to the team's fan base's disinterest in the Cup. To cover the costs of playing the first leg in Munich's Olympiastadion, the organizers needed to have a minimum of 25,000 spectators. However, due to heavy snow and cold weather, only 18,000 showed up. Because of this deficit, Cramer stated that if Bayern were to win the European Cup again, they would decline to participate as it held no assurances of income.[86]
Argentine side Boca Juniors qualified for the 1977 and 1978 editions, for which the European champions, English club Liverpool, declined to participate on both occasions. In 1977, Boca Juniors defeated European Cup runners-up, German club Borussia Mönchengladbach, 5-2 on aggregate.[87][88][89][90] Boca Juniors declined to face Belgian club Brugge in 1978 leaving that edition undisputed.[84] Paraguay's Olimpia won the 1979 edition against European Cup runners-up, Swedish side Malmö FF, after winning both legs.[91][92][93][94] However, the competition had greatly declined in prestige. After the 0-1 win of the South Americans in the first leg at Malmö, which saw fewer than 5000 Swedish fans turn up, Spanish newspaper El Mundo Deportivo called the Cup "a dog without an owner", adding:[61]
| “ | The truth is that the Intercontinental Cup is an adventitious competition without foundation. It has no known owner, it depends on a strange consensus and the interested clubs are not tempted to risk much for so little money, as evidenced by the attendance at the game in Malmö, played, of course, in absence of this year's champion, Nottingham Forest, by the Swedish team, finalist in one of the most boring and worst games played to cap off the European Cup since 1956. | ” |
According to Brazilian newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, the deal for the establishment of the Interamerican Cup was made in 1968 by CONMEBOL and CONCACAF, and established that the Interamerican Cup champion club would be entitled to represent the American continent in the Intercontinental Cup.[95] According to the Mexican newspapers, after winning the 1977 and 1980 editions of the Interamerican Cup, Mexican clubs America and PUMAS Unam, and the Mexican Football Association, demanded, unsuccessfully, to participate in the Intercontinental Cup.[96][97][98]
Rebirth in Japan
Seeing the deterioration of the Intercontinental Cup, Japanese motor corporation Toyota took the competition under its wing. It created contractual obligations to have the Intercontinental Cup played in Japan once a year in which every club participating were obliged to participate or face legal consequences. This modern format breathed new air into the competition which saw a new trophy handed out along with the Intercontinental Cup, the Toyota Cup.
To protect themselves against the possibility of European withdrawals, Toyota, UEFA and every European Cup participant signed annual contracts requiring the eventual winners of the European Cup to participate at the Intercontinental Cup, as a condition UEFA stipulated to the clubs' participation in the European Cup, or risk facing an international lawsuit from UEFA and Toyota.[99]
The first Toyota Cup was held in 1980 which saw Uruguay's Nacional triumph over Nottingham Forest. The 1980s saw a domination by South American sides as Brazil's Flamengo and Grêmio, Uruguay's Nacional and Peñarol, Argentina's Independiente and River Plate take the spoils once each after Nacional's victory in 1980. Only Juventus, Portugal's FC Porto and Milan managed to bring the trophy to the European continent. In that decade, the English Football Association tried organizing a Club World Cup sponsored by promoting company West Nally only to be shot down by UEFA.[100]
The 1990s proved to be a decade dominated by European teams as Milan, Red Star Belgrade, Ajax, Juventus, Real Madrid, Manchester United and newcomers Borussia Dortmund of Germany were fueled to victory by its economic powers and heavy poaching of South American stars. Only three title went to South America as São Paulo and Argentina's Vélez Sársfield came out the winners, each of them defeating Milan with São Paulo's inaugural win being over Barcelona. The 2000s would see Boca Juniors win the competition twice for South America while European victories came from Bayern Munich, Real Madrid and Porto. The 2004 Intercontinental Cup proved to be the last edition as the competition was absorbed into the FIFA Club World Cup.
De facto World Championship
All the winning teams are regarded as de facto "world club champions".[101][102][103][104] According to some texts on FIFA.com, due to the superiority at sporting level of the European and South American clubs to the rest of the world, reflected earlier in the tournament for national teams, the winning clubs of the Intercontinental Cup were named world champions and can claim to be world champions,[105][106] in a "symbolic" club world championship,[107] while the FIFA Club World Cup would have another dimension,[108] as the "true" world club showdown,[109][110][111] created because, with the passage of time and the development of football outside Europe and South America, it had become "unrealistic" to continue to confer the symbolic title of world champion upon the winners of the Intercontinental Cup,[112] the idea to expand it being mentioned for the first time in 1967 by Stanley Rous as CONCACAF and the AFC had established their continental club competitions and requested the participation,[53][55][56][57][58][59][60] an expansion that was to occur only in 2000 through the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship. Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.[61] Though "symbolic" or de facto as a club world championship, the Intercontinental Cup is official at confederation level, with both UEFA and CONMEBOL considering all editions of the competition as part of their official honours.[8][9][10]
Despite being chronologically the fourth international competition created to define "the best team in the world" after Lipton Trophy, Copa Rio and Pequeña Copa del Mundo due to FIFA's inability to organize club competitions,[113] it is considered by that international governing body as the one of the two predecessors[101] to the FIFA Club World Cup, held for the first time in 2000. It was regarded by FIFA as the sole predecessor[114] until the June 2014 FIFA Executive Committee meeting, which declared the 1951 edition of Copa Rio as "the first worldwide club tournament with teams from Europe and South America".[115][116]
Trophy
The competition trophy bears the words "Coupe Européenne-Sudamericaine" ("European-South American Cup") at the top. At the base of the trophy, there is the round logo of UEFA and a map of South America in a circle.
Cup format
From 1960 to 1979, the Intercontinental Cup was played in two legs. Between 1960 and 1968, the cup was decided on points only, the same format used by CONMEBOL to determine the winner of the Copa Libertadores final through 1987. Because of this format, a third match was needed when both teams were equal on points. Commonly this match was host by the continent where the last game of the series was played. From 1969 through 1979, the competition adopted the European standard method of aggregate score, with away goals.
Starting in 1980, the final became a single match. Up until 2001, the matches were held at Tokyo's National Stadium. Finals since 2002 were held at the Yokohama International Stadium, also the venue of the 2002 FIFA World Cup final.
Results
| Match was won during extra time | |
| Match was won on a penalty shoot-out | |
| ‡ | Play-off match where teams were tied on points (1 win and 1 defeat each) |
| # | European runner-up contested in place of European champion |
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Notes
- After the events of the 1969 Intercontinental Cup, many European Cup Champions refused to play in the Intercontinental Cup.[161]
- #1 1970–71 European Cup finalists
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Panathinaikos replaced the champions 
Ajax who declined to participate.[162] - #2 1972–73 European Cup finalists Juventus replaced the champions Ajax who declined to contest the meeting in South America, officially for financial reasons.[163][164]
- #3 1973–74 European Cup finalists Atlético Madrid replaced the champions
Bayern Munich who declined to participate.[165] - #4 1976–77 European Cup finalists Borussia Mönchengladbach replaced the champions
Liverpool who declined to participate.[166] - #5 1978–79 European Cup finalists
Malmö FF replaced the champions Nottingham Forest who declined to participate.[167] - #6 1992–93 Champions League finalists Milan replaced the champions
Marseille who were suspended due to a match fixing and bribery scandal.[168]
Performances
The performance of various clubs is shown in the following tables:[132][169]
Performance by club
Performance by country
| Country | Winners | Runners-up | Winning clubs | Winning years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina |
Boca, Independiente, Estudiantes, River, Racing, Vélez | 1967, 1968, 1973, 1977, 1984, 1986, 1994, 2000, 2003 | ||
| Italy |
Milan, Juventus, Inter Milan | 1964, 1965, 1969, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1996 | ||
 Brazil |
Santos, São Paulo, Grêmio, Flamengo | 1962, 1963, 1981, 1983, 1992, 1993 | ||
| Uruguay |
Peñarol, Nacional | 1961, 1966, 1971, 1980, 1982, 1988 | ||
| Spain |
Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid | 1960, 1974, 1998, 2002 | ||
| Germany |
Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund | 1976, 1997, 2001 | ||
| Netherlands |
Ajax, Feyenoord | 1970, 1972, 1995 | ||
| Portugal |
Porto | 1987, 2004 | ||
| England |
Manchester United | 1999 | ||
 Paraguay |
Olimpia | 1979 | ||
 Yugoslavia |
Red Star Belgrade | 1991 | ||
 Colombia |
— | — | ||
 Scotland |
— | — | ||
 Greece |
— | — | ||
| Sweden |
— | — | ||
 Romania |
— | — | ||
 Chile |
— | — |
Performance by confederation
| Confederation | Winners | Runners-up | Winning Clubs | Countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CONMEBOL | ||||
| UEFA |
Coaches
- Carlos Bianchi won three editions as coach: one with Vélez Sársfield in 1994, and 2 with Boca Juniors in 2000 and 2003.
- Luis Cubilla and Juan Mujica won cups both as players and coaches:
Players
- Alessandro Costacurta and Paolo Maldini played 5 times in the competition, all with Milan (1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 2003).
- Estudiantes (1968, 1969 and 1970) and Independiente (1972, 1973 and 1974) played 3 in consecutive years. Of these teams a few players played the three years, including Carlos Salvador Bilardo and Juan Ramón Verón.
All-Time Top Scorers
- Pelé is the all-time top scorer in the competition having scored 7 goals in 3 matches.
- Only 6 players scored at least 3 goals in the Intercontinental Cup.[173]
| Player | Club | Goals | Apps | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pelé |
Santos |
1962, 1963 | ||
 Alberto Spencer |
Peñarol |
1960, 1961, 1966 | ||
| Luis Artime |
Nacional |
1971 | ||
| José Francisco Sasía |
Peñarol |
1961 | ||
| Joaquim Santana |
Benfica |
1961, 1962 | ||
| Alessandro Mazzola |
Inter Milan |
1964, 1965 |
Man of the Match
- Since 1980:[174]
References
- ↑ "Legend – UEFA club competition" (PDF). Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 2009. p. 99. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
- ↑ "Competencias oficiales de la CONMEBOL". Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (in Spanish). 2011. pp. 99; 107. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
- ↑ "1969: Milan prevail in tough contest". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 22 October 1969. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
- ↑ Risolo, Don (2010). Soccer Stories: Anecdotes, Oddities, Lore, and Amazing Feats p.109. U of Nebraska Press. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ↑ "FIFA Club World Cup 2012 - Statistical Kit" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 6 November 2012. p. 9. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
- ↑ UEFA Direct, nº 105, 2011, page 15. Access on 04/Feb/2013.
- ↑ Mundo Deportivo. Spanish sports newspaper: No Habrá La Copa Intercontinental (There won't be the Intercontinental Cup) 03/Jun/1961, page 3.
- 1 2 http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50051/profile/index.html
- 1 2 Carluccio, Jose (2 September 2007). "¿Qué es la Copa Libertadores de América?" [What is the Copa Libertadore de América?] (in Spanish). Historia y Fútbol. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
- 1 2 "Goodbye Toyota Cup, hello FIFA Club World Championship". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "World Club Cup deserves respect". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "World Club Cup deserves respect". British Broadcasting Corporation Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1960". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1960". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Trofeos de Fútbol". Real Madrid Club de Fútbol (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ El Mundo Deportivo newspaper, September 5th, 1960, page 3.
- ↑ "La Copa Intercontinental, un perro sin amo". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1960". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1961". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "Palmarés: Resumen de títulos oficiales del Club Atlético Peñarol". Club Atlético Peñarol (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ Cunha, Odir (2003). Time dos Sonhos [Dream Teams] (in Portuguese). ISBN 85-7594-020-1.
- 1 2 "Intercontinental Cups 1962 and 1963". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1962". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "Títulos". Santos Futebol Clube (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1963". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "European Commissioner visits UEFA" (PDF). Union Européenne de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cups 1964 and 1965". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1964". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1965". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Palmares: PRIMA COPPA INTERCONTINENTALE - 1964". Football Club Internazionale Milano S.p.A (in Italian). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Palmares: SECONDA COPPA INTERCONTINENTALE - 1965". Football Club Internazionale Milano S.p.A (in Italian). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cups 1966". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1966". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "História da Libertadores". Campeones do Futebol (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "European-South American Cup". Union Européenne de Football Association. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1967". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1967". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Copa Intercontinental 1967". Racing Club de Avellaneda (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "The Battle of Montevideo: Celtic Under Siege". Waterstones. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1968". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1968". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Titulos". Club Estudiantes de La Plata (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Estudiantes leave their mark". Entertainment and Sports Programming Network Football Club. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1969". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1969". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "Coppa Intercontinentale 1969". Associazione Calcio Milan (in Italian). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 "Coppa Intercontinentale 1969: Estudiantes-Milan, sfida selvaggia". Storie di Calcio (in Italian). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 "Partidos inolvidables: Estudiantes - Milan (Final Intercontinental 1969/1970)". Fútbol Primera (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "La FIFA rehuye el bulto" [FIFA shuns the bulge] (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 25 November 1967. p. 8. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- ↑ /Mundo Deportivo. Spanish sports newspaper: La FIFA no controla la intercontinental (FIFA does not control the Intercontinental Cup). 3/Nov/1967, page 6.
- ↑ Glasgow Herald (Scottish newspaper, 06/Nov/1967, page 06: "Sir Stanley said then that FIFA regarded the competition, which is between the winners of the European Cup and the South American equivalent, as a friendly fixture".
- ↑ Archive of Italian newspaper La Stampa. Look for: "La finale mondiale Europa-America di calcio ufficialmente è una semplice gara amichevole", published 03.nov.1967 page 10."
- 1 2 ABC Newspaper, Madrid (Spain), Nov. 03, 1967, page 97. Headline La FIFA no quiere saber nada de la final intercontinental, pues para ella es um partido “amistoso”. (In English: FIFA does not care about the Intercontinental final, as, for FIFA, it is a “friendly match”.) Contents in Spanish: Rous declaró em um almuerzo de redactores esportivos que los partidos anuales para el título intercontinental – entre los ganadores de la Copa de Europa y de America del Sur – está considerados oficialmente como encontros amistosos. .... Rous anadió que otras Federaciones, la Asiatica y de Americas Central y del Norte – han solicitado la participacion de sus clubs campeones en la Copa Intercontinental . Se oponen a ello – dijo el – las federaciones Europea y Sudamericana ... Siguió diciendo Sir Stanley que espera que se estudie todo lo relacionado con la competicion en la proxima Asemblea General de la FIFA: “Si se aprueba, la competicion se desarrollaria a partir de entonces bajo la tutela del organismo mundial que presido”, finalizó diciendo Sir Stanley Rous ... (English translation: Rous stated, during a lunch with sports writers, that the annual matches for the intercontinental cup – between the winners of the European Cup and the South American one- are officially considered as friendly fixtures ... Rous also said that other Federations, the Asian and the North-Central American one- have requested the participation of their champion clubs in the Intercontinental Cup. According to Rous, the European and South American federations are opposed to it ... Sir Stanley kept on saying that he expects that everything related to the competition should be studied in the next FIFA General Assembly: “If approved, the competition would go on from then on under the auspices of the world organisation I preside”, concluded Sir Stanley.)
- ↑ ABC, Madrid newspaper, 08/nov/1967, page 87
- 1 2 "La Copa Intercontinental de futbol debe ser oficial". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "La FIFA rehuye el bulto". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "La FIFA, no controla la Intercontinental". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "El proyecto de Copa del Mundo se discutira en Méjico". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "¿Nueva Copa Intercontinental?". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "La Copa del Mundo Inter-clubs se amplia". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Europa ha desvalorizado la Copa Intercontinental". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1970". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1970". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "1970: Feyenoord unfazed by Estudiantes". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 2 March 1980. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ↑ "Feyenoord viert veertigjarig jubileum winst Wereldbeker". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "Intercontinental Cup 1971". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "Intercontinental Cup 1971". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "Copa Intercontinental 1971". Club Nacional de Football (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "1971: Artime puts paid to Panathinaikos". Union Européenne de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 "Intercontinental Cup 1972". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Intercontinental Cup 1972". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Erelijst". Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax (in Dutch). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "The Super Cup was the last trophy Ajax...". Football Journey. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "1972: Cruyff comes good for Ajax". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 2 March 1980. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1973". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "1973: Independiente resist Juve challenge". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 2 March 1980. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ↑ "European Cup: 50 Years" (PDF). Union Européenne de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Una ide para los cinco campeones de cada continente". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "Una copa mundial de clubs con los campeones de Europa, África, Sudamérica y América Central". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "Intercontinental Cup 1974". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "Intercontinental Cup 1974". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Sala de Trofeos". Club Atlético de Madrid, S.A.D. (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "1974: Aragonés brings joy to Atlético". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 2 March 1980. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- 1 2 "Intercontinental Cup". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Una idea para los cinco campeones de cada continente". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Taça não interessa mais aos alemães (page 20)". Jornal do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1977". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1977". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "El Club: Titulos". Club Atlético Boca Juniors (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "1977: Boca Juniors brush aside Mönchengladbach". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 2 March 1980. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1979". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1979". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- ↑ "1979: Club Olimpia overpower Malmö". Union des Associations Européennes de Football. 2 March 1980. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1979". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ↑ Brazilian newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, 10/10/1968, page.28
- ↑ Mexican neswspaper El Informador, 14 and 16 of April 1978, referring to Club America's claim to participate in the Intercontinental Cup.
- ↑ Mexican newspaper El Siglo de Torréon. Archive. "Los Pumas Por La Copa Concacaf-EUFA" (15/May/1981, page 13).
- ↑ Mexican newspaper El Siglo de Torréon. Archive. "Mediocridad existente en el futbol del area de Concacaf." (29/August/1980, page 11).
- ↑ Aguilar, Francesc (18 September 1992). "La negociación será difícil" [Negotiations will be difficult] (PDF). El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). p. 8. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
- ↑ "La Copa Intercontinental el 11-D en Tokio: No habra una Copa Mundial de Clubes". El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 July 2010.
- 1 2 "FIFA Club World Championship TOYOTA Cup: Solidarity – the name of the game" (PDF). FIFA Activity Report 2005 (Zurich: Fédération Internationale de Football Association): 62. April 2004 – May 2005. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
- ↑ "Goodbye Toyota Cup, hello FIFA Club World Championship". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 10 December 2004. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ↑ "Ten tips on the planet's top club tournament". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 28 July 2005. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
- ↑ "We are the champions". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
- ↑ Text We Are The Champions. 01/12/2005. FIFA site. Accessed on 04/feb/2013: clubs that have been NAMED world champions
- ↑ Text Ten things you never knew... FIFA site. Accessed on 15/12/2015. "Among this year's six representatives, Brazil's Sao Paulo are the only team that CAN CLAIM to have been world champions."
- ↑ Goodbye Toyota Cup, hello FIFA Club World Championship, FIFA site. Accessed on 10 December 2004. Accessed on 08/03/2015: With the passage of time, it became apparent that it was unrealistic to continue to confer the SYMBOLIC title of "club world champion" on the basis of a single match between the European and South American champions.
- ↑ Text Goodbye Toyota Cup, hello FIFA Club World Championship, on FIFA site. Access on 08/mar/2015: "As of 2005, the Toyota Cup, traditionally a one-off match between the champions of Europe and South America, will take on a WHOLE NEW DIMENSION when it becomes the FIFA Club World Championship, disputed by the champion clubs from all six continents."
- ↑ Text Japan welcomes the world with open arms, from FIFA site, recovered by Way Back Machine. Text of 28 July 2005. Accessed (recovery) on 31/12/2015. In the list of texts referring to the 2005 FIFA Club World Cup, this text brings as subtitle: ... Brought up watching the annual Europe-South America clash, Japanese fans are counting the days to the kick off of the TRUE world club showdown.
- ↑ Goodbye Toyota Cup, hello FIFA Club World Championship, FIFA site. Accessed on 10 December 2004. Accessed on 08/03/2015: According to the new format, which enters into force in 2005, once again in Japan, the respective winners of the six "champions cups" of each confederation will qualify for the FIFA Club World Championship. "I am convinced that this is the best formula for everyone," argues Michel Platini, a FIFA Executive Committee member and former Toyota Cup winner from 1985. "It won't make the clubs' trips any longer, but by playing an extra game, the club crowned this time will be TRUE world champions," continued the former Juventus playmaker.
- ↑ Text Continental champions prepare for Tokyo draw,FIFA site, 28 July 2005. Accessed on 08/March/2015: Initially a one-off contest between the champions of South America and Europe, the Toyota Cup, which superseded the Intercontinental Cup in 1980, has been revamped by FIFA to reach out to all confederations and associations across the globe so the winners may TRULY be regarded as the best club side in the world.
- ↑ Goodbye Toyota Cup, hello FIFA Club World Championship, FIFA site. Accessed on 10 December 2004. Accessed on 08/03/2015: With the passage of time, it became apparent that it was unrealistic to continue to confer the symbolic title of "club world champion" on the basis of a single match between the European and South American champions.
- ↑ "50 years of the European Cup" (PDF). Union des Associations Européennes de Football. October 2004. pp. 7–9. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
- ↑ "FIFA Club World Championship to replace Toyota Cup from 2005". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 17 May 2004. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ↑ http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/431977_fifa-divulga-comunicado-e-reconhece-titulo-mundial-do-palmeiras-mas-erra-nome-do-time
- ↑ http://esportes.estadao.com.br/noticias/futebol,ao-estado--fifa-confirma-mundial-de-1951-para-o-palmeiras,1813361
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1960".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1961".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1962".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1963".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1964".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1965".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1966".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1967".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1968".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1969".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1970".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1971".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1972".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1973".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1974".
- 1 2 3 "Intercontinental Club Cup".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1976".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1977".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1979".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1980".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1981".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1982".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1983".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1984".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1985".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1986".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1987".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1988".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1989".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1990".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1991".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1992".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1993".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1994".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1995".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1996".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1997".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1998".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1999".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 2000".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 2001".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 2002".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 2003".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 2004".
- ↑ "THE DECLINE, FALL AND REBIRTH OF THE INTERCONTINENTAL CUP".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1971".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Cup 1973". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on March 6, 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1973".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1974".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1977".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1979".
- ↑ "Intercontinental Club Cup 1993".
- ↑ "Hall of Honour".
- ↑ "Messi, just three behind Pelé in Club World Cup (Intercontinental) goals".
- ↑ "Extraordinary Pele crowns Santos in Lisbon".
- ↑ "King-less Santos retain throne in style".
- ↑ "Trivia on Intercontinental (Toyota) Cup".
- ↑ "Toyota Cup - Most Valuable Player of the Match Award".
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