Laws of the Game (association football)

"LOTG" redirects here. For the Nashville concert series, see Live on the Green. For the film, see Legend of the Guardians.

The Laws of the Game[1] are the codified rules that help define association football. They are the only rules of association football subscribed to by the sport's governing body FIFA. The laws mention the number of players a team should have, the game length, the size of the field and ball, the type and nature of fouls that referees may penalise, the frequently misinterpreted offside law, and many other laws that define the sport. During a match, it is the task of the referee to interpret and enforce the Laws of the Game.

There were various attempts to codify the rules of football in England in the mid-19th century. The extant Laws date back to 1863 where a ruleset was formally adopted by the newly formed Football Association. The original Laws were heavily influenced by the Cambridge rules and their early development saw substantial influence from the Sheffield Rules. Over time the Laws have been amended, and since 1886 they have been maintained by the International Football Association Board.

Current Laws of the Game

Individual laws

The current Laws of the Game (LOTG) consist of seventeen individual laws, each law containing several rules and directions:[1]

Presentation and interpretation

Today, in print form the 17 laws are less than 50 pages of a 140 by 215 mm (roughly A5-size) pamphlet. In 1997, a major revision dropped whole paragraphs and clarified many sections to simplify and strengthen the principles. These laws are written in English Common Law style and are meant to be guidelines and goals of principle that are then clarified through practice, tradition, and enforcement by the referees.

The actual law book has long contained 50 pages more of material, organized in numerous sections, that contain many diagrams but did not fit with the main 17 laws. In 2007, many of these additional sections along with much of the material from the FIFA Questions and Answers (Q&A), were restructured and put into a new Additional Instructions and Guidelines for the Referee section. This section is organized under the same 17 law points, consists of concise paragraphs and phrases like the laws themselves, and adds much clarifying material that previously was only available from National organizations and word of mouth among referees.

Referees are expected to use their judgement and common sense in applying the laws; this is colloquially known as "Law 18".[2]

Jurisdiction and change management

The laws are administered by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). They meet at least once a year to debate and decide any changes to the text as it exists at that time. The meeting in winter generally leads to an update to the laws on 1 July of each year that take effect immediately. The laws govern all international matches and national matches of member organizations.[3] A minimum of six of the eight seat IFAB board needs to vote to accept a rule change. Four seats are held by FIFA to represent their 200+ member Nations, with the other four going to each of the British associations (the FA representing England, the SFA representing Scotland, FAW representing Wales and the IFA representing Northern Ireland), meaning that no change can be made without FIFA's approval, but FIFA cannot change the Laws without the approval of at least two of the British governing bodies.[3]

History

Pre-1863

Games which could be described in the most general sense as 'football' had been popular in Britain since the Medieval period. Rules for these games, where they existed, were not universal nor codified. A significant step towards unification was the drafting of the Cambridge rules in 1848 – though these were not universally adopted outside Cambridge University. The first and still oldest Football Club was Sheffield FC (founded in 1857), who in 1858 codified the Sheffield rules of football. The Sheffield rules were popular and adopted by several Northern and Midlands clubs.

1863 rules

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The original hand-written 'Laws of the Game' drafted for and on behalf of The Football Association by Ebenezer Cobb Morley in 1863 on display at the National Football Museum, Manchester.

The Laws were first drawn up by Ebenezer Cobb Morley and approved at a meeting of the newly founded Football Association (FA) on 8 December 1863. These rules were heavily based on the Cambridge rules which were codified in 1848.[4]

The Football Association Laws of 1863 were published on 5 December in Bell's Life in London for approval. While the game described in the original Football Association Laws is substantially different from the modern game, 1863 is generally considered to be the beginning of modern association football,[5] and the point of divergence of the game from rugby football.

Adoption of the laws was not universal among English football clubs. The Sheffield Rules continued to be used by many. Additionally, in preference of a more physical game with greater emphasis on handling of the ball, several decided against being part of the FA in its early years and would later form the Rugby Football Union.

At its meeting on 8 December the FA agreed that, as reported in Bell's Life in London, John Lillywhite would publish the Laws.[6] The first game to be played under the new rules was a 0-0 draw between Barnes and Richmond.[6]

IFAB created

Minor variations between the rules used in England (the jurisdiction of the Football Association) and the other Home Nations of the United Kingdom: Scotland, Wales and Ireland, led to the creation of the International Football Association Board to oversee the rules for all the home nations. Their first meeting was in 1886.[7] Previously games between teams from different countries had to agree to which country's rules were used before playing.

FIFA adoption

When the international football body on the continent FIFA was founded in Paris in 1904, it immediately declared that FIFA would adhere to the rules laid down by the IFAB. The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. Up until 1958 it was still possible for the British associations to combine to impose changes (or block amendments) over the wishes of other countries. This changed with the adoption of the current voting procedure which gives equal voting power, but no overall veto, to both FIFA and the British associations.[3]

Notable amendments

Notable amendments to the rules include:[8][5]

Video technology

Unlike in several other sports, in association football television replays are not permitted to be part of the match officials' decision-making process. The extent to which game rules and practices should be amended to allow this has been a matter of considerable debate.[10][11][12][13]

A trial in Dutch competitive football was planned, but was in February 2015 postponed by IFAB for at least twelve months. FIFA general secretary Jerome Valcke referred to the potential adoption of the technology as the "biggest decision ever in the way football is played."[14]

References

  1. 1 2 Laws of the game at FIFA website, updated 2012
  2. ↑ United States Soccer Federation Inc.,; Michael Lewis (2000). Soccer for dummies. Foster City, CA: IDG Books Worldwide. ISBN 1118053575. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 "The IFAB: How it works". FIFA. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  4. ↑ "Cambridge... the birthplace of football?!". BBC. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  5. 1 2 "FIFA – History – the Laws – From 1863 to the Present Day". FIFA. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  6. 1 2 "The History of The FA". The Football Association. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  7. ↑ "The International FA Board (IFAB)". FIFA. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
  8. ↑ FIFA. "FIFA History of Football". Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  9. ↑ "Goal-line technology tested at Club World Cup match Sanfrecce Hiroshima v Auckland City". Mail Online. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  10. ↑ Van Buskirk, Eliot (30 November 2009). "Soccer Resists Instant Replay Despite Criticism". Wired. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  11. ↑ Borland, John (19 June 2006). "World Cup soccer loves to hate high tech". CNET.com. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  12. ↑ "FIFA halts instant replay experiment". CBC Sports. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  13. ↑ "Instant replay may be a good idea, but it's a tricky one – Gabriele Marcotti". CNN. 25 September 2008.
  14. ↑ "Video technology: Dutch FA trials delayed for 12 months". BBC. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.

External links

  1. ↑ "The importance of referee education". UEFA.com. 6 February 2015.
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