Fair chase

Fair chase is a term used by hunters to describe an ethical approach to hunting big game animals. North America's oldest wildlife conservation group, the Boone and Crockett Club, defines fair chase as requiring hunted big game animals to be wild and free-ranging.^[1] Wild refers to an animal that is naturally bred and lives in nature. Free-ranging means an animal that is not confined by artificial barriers.

Fair chase has been the honor code of North American hunters for over a century and the principle underlying many of North American hunting laws, and is taught to new hunters in hunter certification courses.

History

The concept and the popularization of the term "fair chase" is credited to Theodore Roosevelt and perpetuated by the Boone and Crockett Club, a conservation organization of Roosevelt's creation.^[2][3]

The earliest recorded North American usage of the term "Fair Chase" is in the fifth article of the Boone and Crockett Club constitution, adopted in February 1888. At this time in history there were no laws governing the talking of game for food or for sport. Water-killing deer (driving deer with hounds or pushers into lakes where shooters waited in boats to either shot, club or cut the throats of deer) was also a widespread practice, especially in the Adirondack mountains.

Article X of the Club’s constitution declared that the killing of game while swimming was an "offense" for which a member may be suspended or expelled from the Club.^[4] Later writings by Club members Theodore Roosevelt, George Bird Grinnell, and Aldo Leopold articulated the term "fair chase" to the public through books and magazine articles. Most notable of these where the Club’s Acorn book series on hunting (1893 – 1933), Leopold’s Sand County Almanac^[5] and Grinnell’s Forest and Stream magazine – now Field & Stream.

In 1893, Theodore Roosevelt wrote about hunting and fair chase in his book titled The Wilderness Hunter.^[6]

The history of the Teddy Bear has a close connection to fair chase. During his presidency in 1902, Theodore Roosevelt was in Mississippi to settle a border dispute. His hosts knew Roosevelt was an avid hunter and arranged for a black bear hunt for the President. In the thick brush swamps of Mississippi it was a common practice of the day to hunt bears with hounds. With concern for the President's safety the guides insisted that he stay in camp until a bear was brought to bay by the hounds. A small bear was caught and tied to a tree. When Roosevelt arrived at the scene he refused to shoot the defenseless animal. Being omitted from the chase was unsettling to Roosevelt who prided himself in living the hardy life of an outdoorsmen – the harder the hunt the better. He did not earn this bear though a fair pursuit. Political cartoonist Clifford Berryman immediately drew a cartoon depicting Roosevelt refusing to shoot the restrained bear. The story made national headlines and a shopkeeper, Morris Michtom in Brooklyn, New York, had his wife sew a stuffed bear to sell in his store. He wrote the Roosevelt asking permission to call the child's toy, Teddy's Bear. Roosevelt gave his permission, and history was made.^[7]

Ethics, or a code of conduct in hunting first emerged centuries ago among European hunters who were primarily the wealthy landowners and royalty. While the commoner hunted to stay alive, the aristocrat hunted for sport, and it was this sporting approach that separated the two. These ethics did not transfer to the majority of immigrants that settled in the New World. Mere human survival and commercial enterprises had no room for a hunting ethic. After two hundred years of the unregulated taking of wildlife by subsistence, recreational, and commercial market hunters, the negative effects were inescapable. By the end of this "era of extermination," wildlife and especially big game populations were in dismal condition. Some species had already been lost to extinction and others were on the edge of being lost forever.

In the early part of the 20th century, there began to emerge a sense of pride and accomplishment among sportsmen that came with their newly accepted responsibility to conserve. Doing right by the game being hunted meant working with conservation and population recovery efforts. These efforts included the creation of the National Wildlife Refuge System. As for the hunt itself, using restraint shifted the emphasis of measuring success, from the quantity of game taken, to the quality of the chase. The hunting experience became more important than the number killed, and success was now more memorable because the hunting experience became sustainable in the long term.^[8]

Fair chase today

When in the field, the initial question for every fair chase hunter is whether the animal has a reasonable opportunity to elude the hunter. If the animal does not, the hunt can never be "fair chase". A fair chase hunter does not shoot an animal hampered by deep snow or entangled in a barbwire fence. Another characteristic of a fair chase hunter is the knowledge their first shot will be true, as compared to a person who aims, fires, and merely hopes for success. Choosing to loose an arrow or fire a bullet is final. There is no calling it back. With so much left up to the individual at the moment immediately before a weapon discharges, there is much responsibility that comes along with that decision.

Laws regulate hunting. Ethical, fair chase hunting therefore begins with obeying game laws. A fair chase hunter must acquaint themselves with the laws that govern hunting, as they reflect considerations for safety, the sustainable use of the wildlife resources, and the minimum level of conduct that the public will tolerate in a particular state, province, region, or country. If something is illegal it cannot, by definition, be fair chase. On the other hand, just because something is legal does not make it fair chase. There are certain aspects of fair chase hunting that extend beyond written laws. For example, shooting at a running deer is not illegal, nor is there any laws regarding shooting at extremely long ranges with a firearm or bow. To those who believe in the responsibility to kill quickly and cleanly, taking such risky shots would be unethical. These are the personal choices of hunting that cannot and should not be regulated. A large part of the time-honored tradition of hunting has to do with the fact that sportsmen police themselves and others both within and beyond the rule of law.^[9]

"Canned shoots" also known as "canned hunting" may be legal in some North American states and provinces, but they are not representative of fair chase or even hunting. Canned shoots (or canned hunting) involves the "pursuit" and killing of any big game animal kept in or released from captivity to be shot in an artificial or bogus hunting situation where a kill is virtually guaranteed.^[10]

References

1. "Fair Chase Statement". Boone and Crockett Club.
2. "Minutes from first meeting of the Boone and Crockett Club". Montana Memory Project - University of Montana Mansfield Library. Boone and Crockett Club.
3. Mauro, Anthony (2004). The New Age Hunter. iUniverse, Inc. p. 35. ISBN 0-595-32316-2.
4. "Boone and Crockett Archive". Montana Memory Project - University of Montana Mansfield Library. Boone and Crockett Club.
5. Leopold, Aldo (1942). Sand County Almanac. Oxford University Press. p. 226.
6. Roosevelt, Theodore (1893). The Wilderness hunter. New York, New York: G.P Putnam's Sons. pp. 44–45.
7. "Real Teddy Bear Story". Theodore Roosevelt Association. Theodore Roosevelt Association. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
8. Richard J. Ladle, Robert J. Whittaker (2011). Conservation Biogeography. West Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing LTD. ISBN 978-1-4443-3503-3.
9. Posewitz, James (1994). Beyond Fair Chase. Helena, Montana: Falcon Press Publishing. ISBN 1-56044-302-2.
10. DeMello, Margo (2012). Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-Animal Studies. Columbia University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-231-15294-5.