Falkirk

This article is about the Town of Falkirk. For the council area, see Falkirk (council area). For other uses, see Falkirk (disambiguation).
Falkirk
Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Bhreac
Scots: The Fawkirk

Falkirk High Street
Falkirk
 Falkirk shown within the Falkirk council area
Area  11 km2 (4.2 sq mi)
Population 35,168 (2010)
   – density  3,197/km2 (8,280/sq mi)
Settled7th century
Burgh Charter1600
Elevation37 m (121 ft)[1]
OS grid referenceNS887801
Civil parishFalkirk
Council areaFalkirk
Lieutenancy areaStirling and Falkirk
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post town FALKIRK
Postcode district FK1
Dialling code 01324
Police Scottish
Fire Scottish
Ambulance Scottish
EU Parliament Scotland
UK ParliamentFalkirk
Scottish ParliamentFalkirk West
Websitewww.falkirk.gov.uk
List of places
UK
Scotland

Coordinates: 56°00′04″N 3°47′01″W / 56.0011°N 3.7835°W / 56.0011; -3.7835

Falkirk (/ˈfɒlkɜːrk/ or /ˈfɔːkɜːrk/; Scots: The Fawkirk; Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Bhreac) is a town in the Central Lowlands of Scotland, historically within the county of Stirlingshire. It lies in the Forth Valley, 23.3 miles (37.5 km) north-west of Edinburgh and 20.5 miles (33.0 km) north-east of Glasgow.

Falkirk had a resident population of 32,422 at the 2001 census. The population of the town had risen to 34,570 according to a 2008 estimate, making it the 20th most populous settlement in Scotland. Falkirk is the main town and administrative centre of the Falkirk council area, which has an overall population of 156,800 [2] and inholds the nearby towns of Grangemouth, Bo'ness, Denny, Larbert and Stenhousemuir.

The town lies at the junction of the Forth and Clyde Canal and the Union Canal, a location which proved key to the growth of Falkirk as a centre of heavy industry during the Industrial Revolution. In the 18th and 19th centuries Falkirk was at the centre of the iron and steel industry, underpinned by the Carron Company in the nearby village of Carron. The company was responsible for making carronades for the Royal Navy and also later many pillar boxes. In the last 50 years heavy industry has waned, and the economy of the town relies increasingly on retail and tourism. Despite this, Falkirk remains the home of many international companies like Alexander Dennis, the largest bus production company in the United Kingdom.

Falkirk has a long association with the publishing industry. The company now known as Johnston Press was established in the town in 1846. The company, now based in Edinburgh, produces the Falkirk Herald, the largest selling weekly newspaper in Scotland.

Attractions in and around Falkirk include the Falkirk Wheel, The Helix (home to The Kelpies), Callendar House and Park and remnants of the Antonine Wall. In a 2011 poll conducted by STV, it was voted as Scotland's most beautiful town, ahead of Perth and Stirling in 2nd and 3rd place respectively.

History

An Eaglais Bhreac is a derivative formed from the Scottish Gaelic cognate of the first recorded name Ecclesbrith from the Brittonic for "speckled church",[3] presumably referring to a church building built of many-coloured stones. The Scottish Gaelic name was translated into Scots as Fawkirk (lit. "variegated church"[4]), then later amended to the modern English name of Falkirk. The Latin name Varia Capella also has the same meaning.[3] Falkirk Old Parish Church stands on the site of the medieval church, which may have been founded as early as the 7th century.[5]

The Antonine Wall, which stretches across the centre of Scotland, passed through the town and remnants of it can be seen at Callendar Park. Similar to Hadrian's Wall but built of turf rather than stone so less of it has survived, it marked the northern frontier of the Roman Empire between the Firth of Forth and Firth of Clyde during the AD 140s.[6] Much of the best evidence of Roman occupation in Scotland has been found in Falkirk, including a large hoard of Roman coins and a cloth of tartan, thought to be the oldest ever recorded.[7]

In the 18th century the area served as the cradle of Britain's Industrial Revolution, becoming the earliest major centre of the iron-casting industry. James Watt cast some of the beams for his early steam engine designs at the Carron Iron Works in 1765. The area was at the forefront of canal construction when the Forth and Clyde Canal opened in 1790.[8] The Union Canal (1822) provided a link to Edinburgh and early railway development followed in the 1830s and 1840s.[9] The canals brought economic wealth to Falkirk and helped with the town's growth. Through time, trunk roads and motorways followed the same canal corridors through the Falkirk area, linking the town with the rest of Scotland. Many companies set up work in Falkirk due to its expansion. A large brickworks was set up at this time, owned by the Howie family. During the 19th century, Falkirk became the first town in Great Britain to have a fully automated system of street lighting, designed and implemented by a local firm, Thomas Laurie & Co Ltd.[10]

Battles of Falkirk

Two important battles have taken place at Falkirk:

Government and politics

A map showing the boundaries of the Falkirk Council area, one of the 32 Unitary authorities of Scotland. The town of Falkirk sits at the heart of the council area.

Today, like all towns in Scotland, Falkirk has a well-defined structure of governance from local government down to representation at European Union (EU) level.

In terms of local government the town sits at the heart of Falkirk Council area, one of the 32 Unitary Authorities of Scotland formed by the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994. The headquarters of the council are located in the Municipal Buildings, adjacent to Falkirk Town Hall, on West Bridge Street in the centre of town.[11] The Council has been a Labour Party (UK) (LAB), independent and Conservative alliance since 2007.[12] The current Leader of the Council is Cllr Craig Martin.[13]

Falkirk is located within the Scottish parliamentary constituency of Falkirk West which elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) under the first past the post system.[14] The current MSP is Michael Matheson, who won the seat at the 2007 Scottish Parliament General Election. The previous MSP, Dennis Canavan, who sat as an Independent, was elected with the largest majority in the Scottish parliament representing Falkirk's electorate's displeasure with New Labour, but stepped down in 2007 for family reasons.[14] Canavan, who announced in an open letter to his constituents in January 2007, that he was stepping down from representative politics at the Scottish Parliament election, 2007 had been an MSP or MP for the area for over 30 years.[15] The constituency of Falkirk West also sits in the Central Scotland Scottish Parliament electoral region which returns seven MSPs under the additional member system used to elect Members of the Scottish Parliament.[16]

In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the town is entirely contained within the UK parliamentary constituency of Falkirk which elects one member to the House of Commons under the plurality system.[17] The constituency also takes in surrounding villages and is currently represented by John McNally of the Scottish National Party.[17] Traditionally, Falkirk had been seen as a stronghold for the Labour Party.[18]

At EU level, Falkirk is part of the pan-Scotland European Parliament constituency which elects six Members of the European Parliament (MEP)s using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Geography

Falkirk is located in an area of undulating topography between the Slamannan Plateau and the upper reaches of the Firth of Forth. The area to the north of Falkirk is part of the floodplain of the River Carron. Two tributaries of the River Carron - the East Burn and the West Burn flow through the town and form part of its natural drainage system.[19] Falkirk sits at between 50 metres (164 ft) and 125 metres (410 ft) above sea level.[20]

The underlying geology of the town of Falkirk is characterised by glacial deposits. Elevations above 100 metres (328 ft) are covered by a mixture of glacial till and boulder clay with low-lying areas covered by sandy soils and loams.[20] As Falkirk is not far from the coast, post-glacial features akin to raised beaches are particularly predominant to the north of the town centre, and this gives rise to differing elevations within the town.[20]

Unsorted glacial till gives rise to such features of glacial deposition as eskers, and drumlins which are predominant over much of the area. Such elements provide natural transport routes and it is this complex underlying geology that the town is built upon.[20]

Situation of Falkirk
Stirling Stenhousemuir Grangemouth, Dunfermline
Denny Linlithgow
   Falkirk  
Cumbernauld, Glasgow Slamannan Livingston, Bathgate

Climate

Like much of the rest of Scotland, Falkirk has a temperate maritime climate, which is relatively mild despite its northerly latitude. Winters are especially mild given that Moscow and Labrador lie on the same latitude, with daytime temperatures rarely falling below freezing, or 0 °C (32 °F). Summer temperatures are comparatively cool, with daily upper maxima rarely exceeding 23 °C (73 °F). The proximity of the town to the sea mitigates any large variations in temperature or extremes of climate. The prevailing wind direction is from the south-west, which is associated with warm, unstable air from the Gulf Stream that gives rise to rainfall. Winds from an easterly direction are usually drier but colder. Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year. Vigorous Atlantic depressions - sometimes called European windstorms can affect the town between October and March. The highest recorded temperature was 31.5C in August 2010.

Climate data for Falkirk
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 6
(43)		 7
(45)		 9
(48)		 12
(54)		 16
(61)		 17
(63)		 20
(68)		 19
(66)		 17
(63)		 13
(55)		 9
(48)		 7
(45)		 13
(55)
Average low °C (°F) −1
(30)		 1
(34)		 2
(36)		 3
(37)		 6
(43)		 9
(48)		 11
(52)		 11
(52)		 8
(46)		 5
(41)		 3
(37)		 −1
(30)		 5
(41)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 100
(3.94)		 70
(2.76)		 77
(3.03)		 56
(2.2)		 62
(2.44)		 56
(2.2)		 62
(2.44)		 76
(2.99)		 77
(3.03)		 101
(3.98)		 81
(3.19)		 107
(4.21)		 925
(36.42)
Source: Met Office [21]

Demography

The United Kingdom Census 2001 identified the town as having a total resident population of 32,422.[22] The population was estimated at 34,570 in 2008[23] which makes the town the 20th most populous settlement in Scotland. The wider Falkirk area which includes Grangemouth, Larbert and Stenhousemuir has an overall population of 98,940 making this the 5th largest urban area after Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Dundee.[24] The population of the town and surrounding area is forecast to grow over the next ten years, primarily due to net in migration from other parts of Scotland and the UK.[25] Unemployment in the Falkirk area is low at 2.5%, below the Scottish average, but average household income and gross weekly pay are below the comparative Scottish and UK averages.

Falkirk Town skyline

Economy

Falkirk High Street with the Falkirk Steeple dominating the centre of the picture. Shops to the left and right are visible with many shoppers on the pedestrianised street.
The Kelpies at Helix Park

Today, the economy of Falkirk is focused on retail and services, in contrast to the heavy industries and manufacturing sectors which contributed to the growth of the town over the last 300 years. Falkirk is a large retail centre catering to the town itself and a wide surrounding area, stretching from Cumbernauld in the west to Bo'ness in the east.[26] The flagship retailer Marks and Spencer opened a store in Falkirk in 1936.[26] The High Street was pedestrianised in the late 1980s and the Howgate Shopping Centre opened in [26] 1989. A number of supermarkets including Tesco, Asda, Morrisons and Scottish Co-op have developed on peripheral sites surrounding the town centre in recent years.[27]

The public sector and public services also have a foothold in the Falkirk area. Falkirk Council is one of the largest employers in this sphere, with a workforce of over 7,000, many based at the council headquarters in the town centre.[11] One of the principal offices of the UK Child Support Agency, covering Scotland and the north east of England, is located in the Callendar Business Park on the outskirts of Falkirk.[28] Similarly the National Health Service (NHS) and Department for Work and Pensions have a presence in the town and employ local residents.

Many Falkirk residents are also employed within the petrochemicals sector based in neighbouring Grangemouth where there is an agglomeration of such industries underpinned by the Ineos (formerly BP) oil refinery located there.[29] Alexander Dennis, one of the world's largest bus manufacturers, is headquartered in Falkirk with the operations plant located nearby.[30]

Infrastructure

Health

Falkirk is administered by NHS Forth Valley, this includes the unitary authorities of Falkirk, Stirling and Clackmannanshire. Following the opening of the new Forth Valley Royal Hospital, the Falkirk and District Royal Infirmary was renamed Falkirk Community Hospital[31] with many of the main services, including the accident and emergency unit being transferred.[31] Falkirk Community Hospital will still provide many services like podiatry and palliative care.[31] The Community Hospital continues to have a Minor Injury Unit, to treat emergency cases of a non life-threatening nature.[32] In-patient and community services at Bonnybridge Hospital will re-locate to Falkirk Community Hospital in 2012,[31] once new modern, en-suite accommodation has been developed. A new purpose built dental centre, Langlees Dental Centre, provides a "teach and treat" dental centre in the Langlees area of Falkirk opened in August 2009.[31] It has seven dental surgeries and is involved in training final year students at Glasgow Dental School.[31]

Transport

The Falkirk Area occupies a central position in Scotland, with direct access from the key north-south and east-west motorway networks; the M9 from the north and east, and the M876 from the west. Falkirk has main rail and canal routes within easy reach from Edinburgh and Glasgow and is central to access to both Glasgow and Edinburgh airports. Falkirk is well situated both for access by rail from England and for access to other parts of Scotland excluding Fife, which has no direct rail link to Falkirk other than morning and evening commuter services from Kirkcaldy to Glasgow. Road access is to Fife provided by the Kincardine Bridge, Clackmannanshire Bridge and the Forth Road Bridge via the M9.

A view from a bridge down onto the railway tracks of Falkirk Grahamston Station. The main building on the left and a waiting room on the right side of the tracks with another road bridge in the distance
The view from the footbridge at Falkirk Grahamston, looking east.

Falkirk has two railway stations; Falkirk High and Falkirk Grahamston.

Falkirk High is on the main Glasgow-Edinburgh line, with connections to either city running on a 15-minute frequency. At peak times 8 trains per hour stop; 4 for Glasgow Queen Street via Croy and 4 for Edinburgh Waverley via Polmont and Linlithgow. Journey times to Edinburgh vary from 27 minutes to 38 minutes depending on stopping stations and time of day; to Glasgow the journey time is between 23 and 26 minutes.

Falkirk Grahamston lies on the Edinburgh to Dunblane Line. Trains from Glasgow Queen Street on the Cumbernauld Line terminate at Falkirk Grahamston. There is also a daily direct service to/from London (King's Cross) provided by Virgin Trains East Coast, and the Caledonian Sleeper to London Euston in the southbound direction only also calls here. The main station building was opened in 1985 and serves over 950,000 passenger journeys each year.

Falkirk bus station lies in the town centre and has many bus routes providing frequent links to the cities of Stirling, Edinburgh and Glasgow as well as local routes around the Falkirk area.[33]

Education

See also:

Further education

a side view of the Falkirk College Campus building with the main entrance at the bottom right and the road entering the campus at the bottom left
Forth Valley College, Falkirk Campus

Falkirk is home to one of the four campuses of Forth Valley College which was formed on 1 August 2005 from the merger of Falkirk, Stirling and Clackmannan colleges. The Falkirk Campus is by far the largest of the four campuses.

Secondary schools

Falkirk District is served by eight high schools which have all been recently rebuilt.

School Roll Opened Catchment area
Bo'ness Academy Originally 1931, rebuilt 2000 Blackness, Bo'ness Public, Deanburn, Grange, and Kinneil Primary Schools
Braes High School 2000 Avonbridge, California, Drumbowie, Maddiston, Shieldhill, Wallacestone and Whitecross Primary Schools
Denny High School Originally 1959 Denny, Dunipace, Bankier and Bonnybridge Primary Schools
Falkirk High School 1,200 Originally 1886, rebuilt 2010 Bainsford, Bantaskin, Carmuirs, Comely Park, Easter Carmuirs, Langlees, Limerigg and Slamannan Primary Schools
Graeme High School 1,200 Originally 1930, rebuilt 2000 Hallglen, Laurieston, St. Margaret's, Victoria and Westquarter Primary Schools
Grangemouth High School 810 rebuilt 2009 Bowhouse, Beancross, and Moray Primary Schools
Larbert High School 1,700 Originally 1885, rebuilt 2000 Airth, Bothkennar, Carron, Carronshore, Kinnaird, Ladeside, Larbert Village and Stenhousemuir Primary Schools
St. Mungo's High School 1,200 Originally 1953, rebuilt 2009 Falkirk area

Culture

Part of the golf course with a large tree on the left and a bunker at the bottom, there is a large high rise flat visible in the distance
Callendar House, situated in Callendar Park

Falkirk hosted a national arts festival which ran in Callendar Park from 2000-2009 called Big In Falkirk. After its inception in 2000, the festival won Scottish Thistle Award for Events & Festivals in 2005.[34] Consisting of a free weekend of events, the festival was one of the largest cultural events in Scotland, attracting over 100,000 people. Hosted in Falkirk’s historical Callendar Park, the venue covers 180-acre (0.73 km2) with Callendar House as the focal point, the entertainment featured a wide variety of outdoor theatre, pyrotechnic displays, arts, comedy and big name music acts, alongside activities for all ages.

Falkirk hosted the Royal National Mòd in 2008.[35] The Gold medals were won by Falkirk resident Lyle Kennedy and Kerrie Finlay from Inverness. Interest in Gaelic has grown in Falkirk since the Mod and there are now five Gaelic organisations active in the Falkirk area: An Clas Gàidhlig (provides Gaelic lessons to adults), An Comunn Gàidhealach Meur na h-Eaglaise Brice (is the local branch of An Comunn Gàidhealach), Fèis Fhoirt (provides traditional music and Gaelic song tuition for children and adults), Falkirk Gaelic Forum (promotes Gaelic in Falkirk) and Falkirk Junior Gaelic Choir (is a long established and successful youth choir).

Media

Falkirk is served by a weekly newspaper, the Falkirk Herald, which is published by Johnston Press. The company was established by the Johnston family from Falkirk, who have been involved in publishing since 1767. The family acquired the Herald, their first newspaper, in 1846. The publishing company was renamed F Johnston & Co Ltd in 1882, a title it would retain until it was floated on the London Stock Exchange as Johnston Press in 1988. The corporate headquarters of Johnston Press are now in Edinburgh, but the company retains two offices in Falkirk and Grangemouth.

Recreation

The historical Callendar House is an imposing mansion with a 600-year history which is now a museum and also has a cafe and shop. Also located in Callendar Park is, The Park Gallery, a contemporary art gallery in the former Stable Block of the park.[36]

The Falkirk Wheel dominates the right of the picture with the tourist shop and restaurant dwarfed by the Wheel on the left, the bottom shows the marina with a boat in the centre
The Falkirk Wheel
The Falkirk Wheel at Night

Landmarks

The Falkirk Wheel, the only rotary canal connector in the world, is located within Falkirk. The attraction was completed in 2002 and it connects the Forth and Clyde Canal to the Union Canal.[37]

In Falkirk High Street lies the Falkirk Steeple, the current building was built in 1814 and is protected as a category A listed building. A stylised image of the steeple appears on the crest of Falkirk Football Club. It is widely regarded as the centre point of the town.

Religion

The 2001 census[38] showed the majority of the population claim to belong to one of the Christian denominations with 48% of these being Church of Scotland, 12% being Roman Catholic, and 5% belonging to Other Christian denominations. A significant percentage of people (29%) belong to no religion, about 1% above the national figure.

The Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Falkirk includes congregations in Bo'ness, Bonnybridge, Cumbernauld, Grangemouth and Larbert, as well as Falkirk.

Sport

Football

Falkirk currently has two football teams that compete in the Scottish Football League system, Falkirk Football Club and East Stirlingshire Football Club.

An evening game at a football stadium. The main stand on the right is filled with spectators and the empty pitch is being prepared for playing on the left
The main stand of the Falkirk Stadium

Falkirk F.C. was founded in 1876 and was elected to compete in the Scottish Football League in 1902. The club's highest ranking came in the 1907–08 season and once again in 1909–10 when the club finished runners-up of Division One, the country's top football division, losing out to Celtic F.C. on both occasions. The club has reached the final of the Scottish Cup on five occasions, emerging victorious twice in 1913 and 1957 respectively. The club currently competes in the Scottish Football League First Division and plays their home games at the Falkirk Stadium near Grangemouth.

The town's other club, East Stirlingshire F.C., was founded in 1881 originally as Bainsford Britannia and has competed in the Scottish Football League since 1900. The club has predominantly played in the lower leagues of Scottish football, spending only two whole seasons in the top division after being promoted from Division Two in 1931–32 and 1962–63. The club currently competes in the Scottish Football League Third Division and plays their home games at Ochilview Park, the home ground of local rivals Stenhousemuir F.C.. Firs Park was the home of the club for the majority of the club's existence but was vacated at the end of the 2007/08 season.

Rugby

Falkirk Rugby Club can trace their roots to 1906 when F.R.F.C. was first formed. This was disbanded at the start of World War 1. In 1972 the club was resurrected when the works team from ICI Grangemouth decided to become "open" and looked for a new home. They initially played at Stirling Road playing fields before building their clubhouse at the present site at Sunnyside in 1981. The club has risen through the ranks of rugby winning six consecutive promotions, five of them as league champions, a Scottish record. The club now boasts two new pitches and a floodlit training area, the pitches being considered amongst the best turf rugby pitches in Scotland. For the last two seasons Falkirk have finished in the top four the Scottish National Division 2 with aspirations to be promoted to National 1. As well as putting out two senior teams the club boasts one of the most thriving junior set ups in Scotland with just under 200 children playing the sport providing rugby for all ages from primary 1 to Under 18. The Club has also just opened an Academy of Rugby this season, one of only four club academies in Scotland.

Hockey

Falkirk also has a Hockey team, Falkirk GHG Hockey Club, which was formed from the merger of Graeme High School Former Pupils Hockey Club and Grangemouth Hockey Club in 1999. It now has five men's teams which play in various leagues, with their first team playing in the national league.

Basketball

Falkirk Fury Basketball Club, currently called Clark Eriksson Fury Basketball Club in a sponsorship deal with local firm Clark Eriksson, represents the town in the sport.[39] The team was established in 1992 and originally consisted of players from Falkirk High School and sports development players.[39] Today the team competes in all 6 Scottish National Age Groups. The men's side currently competes in the Scottish Men's National League, the top league in Scottish basketball and is considered the second tier of British basketball below the BBL and in line with the English Basketball League.[39] The club plays home games at the Mariner Centre in Camelon. Or sometimes at the Grangemouth sports complex.

Archery

Falkirk has a number of archery clubs in and around the greater Falkirk area:

Twin towns

Falkirk is twinned with:

Notable people

Science & technology

Business & industry

Sport & recreation

Film & entertainment

Art & literature

Politics & society

Historical

References

  1. ↑ "Geographic coordinates of Falkirk, United Kingdom". dateandtime.info. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  2. ↑ "Falkirk factsheet" (PDF). gro-scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  3. 1 2 placesnamesF-J, Iain Mac an Tàilleir www.scottish.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2008-07-12
  4. ↑ http://www.scots-online.org/dictionary/search_scots.asp
  5. ↑ "Old Parish Church and Burial Ground: Listed Building Report". Historic Scotland.
  6. ↑ Frontiers of the Roman Empire - History www.antoninewall.org. Retrieved 2011-04-29
  7. ↑ THE ROMAN COIN HOARD AND THE FALKIRK TARTAN www.falkirklocalhistorysociety.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-29
  8. ↑ Forth and Clyde Canal www.forthandclyde.org.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-29
  9. ↑ History of the Union Canal www.scottishcanals.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-29
  10. ↑ 1.2.5 Civic Administration www.falkirk.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-29
  11. 1 2 "Falkirk Council - About the Council". Falkirk Council. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  12. ↑ "Falkirk Council - Committee Appointments". Falkirk Council. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
  13. ↑ "Falkirk Council - Council Members". Falkirk Council. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  14. 1 2 "Previous Elections - 2003 Scottish Parliamentary Election - Falkirk West". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  15. ↑ Louise Gray (2007-01-24). "'I'm filled with regret that I didn't spend more time with family'". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  16. ↑ "Scottish Parliament Electoral System" (PDF). Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe). 2006-08-31. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  17. 1 2 "All Scottish Seats - 2005 UK General Election - Falkirk". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
  18. ↑ BBC. BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/S14000028. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ↑ Milne et al. (1975) p1
  20. 1 2 3 4 Milne et al. (1975) p2
  21. ↑ "1971-2000 mapped averages". UK gov. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
  22. ↑ No 3 - 2001 Census Population of settlements and wards www.falkirk.gov.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-29
  23. ↑ "Mid-2008 Population Estimates – Localities in alphabetical order" (PDF). 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  24. ↑ "Mid-2008 Population Estimates – Settlements in alphabetical order" (PDF). 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  25. ↑ "Falkirk as a Location, Statistical Information on the Council Area" (PDF). Falkirk Council. December 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  26. 1 2 3 Smith, R (2001) p345
  27. ↑ Smith, R (2001) p346
  28. ↑ "Falkirk - Scotland and North East England Business Unit". Child Support Agency. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  29. ↑ David Gibson (2001-11-13). "BP Grangemouth announcement - Scottish Enterprise Forth Valley reaction". Scottish Enterprise. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  30. ↑ "Alexander Dennis, Key facts". Alexander Dennis. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Healthcare Strategy - Falkirk Community Hospital www.nhsforthvalley.com. Retrieved 2011-04-30
  32. ↑ "NHS Forth Valley Emergency Services". NHS Forth Valley. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  33. ↑ "South East & Central Scotland timetables". First Group. 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
  34. ↑ "Scottish Thistle Award winners from 1992 - 2009". Scottish Thistle Award. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
  35. ↑ List of Mod's places for each year on Sabhal Mòr Ostaig website
  36. ↑ "Park Gallery". Falkirk Council. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  37. ↑ The Falkirk Wheel - History www.thefalkirkwheel.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-30
  38. ↑ "Insight 2001 census no2" (PDF). Falkirk Council. 2003-02-01. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  39. 1 2 3 Clark Eriksson Falkirk Fury Basketball Club, Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  40. 1 2 Falkirk Twinning Association, www.falkirktwinning.org Retrieved 2011-05-07
  41. ↑ "British towns twinned with French towns [via WaybackMachine.com]". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
  42. ↑ 'Wisconsin Blue Book 1880,' Biographical Sketch of Robert D. Wilson, pg. 515

Notes

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