Fazlur Rahman Khan

The father of tubular designs
Fazlur Rahman Khan
ফজলুর রহমান খান

Fazlur Rahman Khan
Born 3 April 1929
Dhaka, British Raj
Died 27 March 1982(1982-03-27) (aged 52)
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Resting place Graceland Cemetery,
Chicago, Illinois
Nationality American
Ethnicity Bangladeshi
Education Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Engineering career

Engineering discipline Architectural, civil, structural
Significant design John Hancock Center, Willis Tower, Hajj Terminal, King Abdulaziz University, One Magnificent Mile, Onterie Center
Significant awards Aga Khan Award for Architecture
Independence Day Award,[1]
AIA Institute Honor for Distinguished Achievement

Fazlur Rahman Khan (3 April 1929 – 27 March 1982) was a Bangladeshi-American[2] structural engineer and architect who initiated important structural systems for skyscrapers.[3][4][5] He is recognized as one of the most influential engineers and architects of the 20th century,[6][7] and has been called "the father of tubular designs for high-rises" by the American Society of Civil Engineers.[8][9][10] Khan was also a pioneer in computer-aided design. He is the designer of the Willis Tower, the second-tallest building in the United States and the 100-story John Hancock Center.

Khan helped usher in a renaissance in skyscraper construction during the second half of the 20th century.[11][12] The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat named their lifetime achievement medal after him.[13][14]

Biography

Fazlur Rahman Khan was born 3 April 1929 in Dhaka, East Bengal (now Bangladesh).[14] He was brought up in the village of Bhandarikandii, in the Faridpur district near Dhaka. His father Abdur was a high school mathematics teacher and textbook author. He eventually became the Director of Public Instruction in the region of Bengal and after retirement served as Principal of Jagannath College, Dhaka.[14]

Khan attended Armanitola Government High School, in Dhaka. After completing undergraduate coursework at the Bengal Engineering College, now Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur,[14] University of Calcutta, he received his Bachelor of Civil Engineering degree from Ahsanullah Engineering College, University of Dhaka, (now Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology). He received a Fulbright Scholarship and a Pakistan government scholarship, which enabled him to travel to the United States in 1952. There he studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In three years Khan earned two master's degrees — one in structural engineering and one in theoretical and applied mechanics — and a PhD in structural engineering.[15] with thesis titled Analytical study of relations among various design criteria for rectangular prestressed concrete beams.[16]

Career

Khan helped introduced design methods and concepts for efficient use of material in building architecture. His first building to employ the tube structure was Chestnut De-Witt apartment building.[17]

In 1955, employed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, he began working in Chicago, Illinois, USA. He was made a partner in 1966 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1967.[18] During the 1960s and 1970s, he became noted for his designs for Chicago's 100-story John Hancock Center and 108-story Sears Tower, the tallest building in the world in its time. He is also responsible for designing notable buildings in Bangladesh, Australia and Saudi Arabia.

Of his design process, Khan said "When thinking design, I put myself in the place of a whole building, feeling every part. In my mind I visualize the stresses and twisting a building undergoes."[19] He believed that engineers needed a broader perspective on life, saying, "The technical man must not be lost in his own technology; he must be able to appreciate life, and life is art, drama, music, and most importantly, people."[14]

Khan's personal papers, the majority of which were in his office at the time of his death, are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio cassette tapes, slides and other materials regarding his work. The International Association for Life Cycle Civil Engineering named their Life-Cycle Civil Engineering Medal after Khan.[20]

Tube structural systems

Sears Tower (now Willis Tower), engineered by Khan and designed by Bruce Graham, was the tallest building in the world for over two decades. The design for this 1450-foot-tall tower introduced the bundled tube structural system, as well as a new vocabulary in architectural form.

Khan's central innovation in skyscraper design and construction was the idea of the "tube" structural system for tall buildings, including the "framed tube", "trussed tube" and "bundled tube" variations. Khan realised that the rigid steel frame structure that had dominated tall building design and construction so long was not the only system fitting for tall buildings.[21] His "tube concept," using all the exterior wall perimeter structure of a building to simulate a thin-walled tube, revolutionised tall building design.[22] Most buildings over 40-storeys constructed since the 1960s now use a tube design derived from Khan's structural engineering principles.[23][24]

The tubular designs are for resisting lateral loads (horizontal forces) such as wind forces, seismic forces, etc. The primary important role of structural system for tall Buildings is to resist lateral loads. The lateral loads begin to dominate the structural system and take on increasing importance in the overall building system when the building height increases. Forces of winds become very substantial and forces of earthquake etc. are very important as well. It is the tubular designs that are used for tall buildings to resist such forces. Tube structures are very stiff and have numerous significant advantages over other framing systems.[25] They not only make the buildings structurally stronger and more efficient, they significantly reduce the usage of materials while simultaneously allowing buildings to reach even greater heights. The reduction of material makes the buildings economically much more efficient and reduces environmental issues as it results in the least carbon emission impact on the environment. Tubular systems allow greater interior space and further enable buildings to take on various shapes, offering unprecedented freedom to architects.[26][27] These new designs opened an economic door for contractors, engineers, architects, and investors, providing vast amounts of real estate space on minimal plots of land. Khan more than any other individual brought in a rebirth in skyscrapers construction after a hiatus for over thirty years.[14][17][28][29]

Khan's tubular designs have dominated skyscraper construction design since the 1960s. The tubular systems have yet to reach their limit when it comes to height.[4] Another important feature of the tubular systems is that buildings can be constructed using steel or concrete, or a composite of the two to reach greater heights. His clear approaches to structural systems have often led to expressive structures.

The population explosion, beginning with the baby boom of the 1950s, created widespread concern about the amount of available living space. Khan had the solution — building up.[30] More than any other 20th-century engineer, Fazlur Rahman Khan made it possible for people to live, and work in "cities in the sky." Mark Sarkisian (Director of Structural and Seismic Engineering at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) said, "Khan was a visionary who transformed skyscrapers into sky cities while staying firmly grounded in the fundamentals of engineering."[13]

Khan's initial projects were the 43 stories DeWitt-Chestnut (1964) and 35 stories Brunswick Building (1965). He went on to design the John Hancock Center (1969), a 100 stories tall building and would later go on to America's tallest building the iconic Willis Tower (formerly called Sears Tower).

Framed tube

Since 1963, the new structural system of framed tubes became highly influential in skyscraper design and construction. Khan defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation."[31] Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube. Horizontal loads, for example from wind and earthquakes, are supported by the structure as a whole. About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. The bundled tube structure is more efficient for tall buildings, lessening the penalty for height. The structural system also allows the interior columns to be smaller and the core of the building to be free of braced frames or shear walls that use valuable floor space. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity.[23]

The first building to apply the tube-frame construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments building that Khan designed and was completed in Chicago in 1963.[32] This laid the foundations for the framed tube structure used in the construction of the World Trade Center.

Trussed tube and X-bracing

In 1960, buildings over 20 stories were still newsworthy; by the close of the decade, people were "living in the sky." Apartments in the John Hancock Center in Chicago - shown here with its distinctive exterior X-bracing - are located as high as the 90th floor.

Khan pioneered several other variations of the tube structure design. One of these was the concept of applying X-bracing to the exterior of the tube to form a "trussed tube". X-bracing reduces the lateral load on a building by transferring the load into the exterior columns, and the reduced need for interior columns provides a greater usable floor space. Khan first employed exterior X-bracing on his design of the John Hancock Center in 1965, and this can be clearly seen on the building's exterior, making it an architectural icon.[23]

In contrast to earlier steel-frame structures, such as the Empire State Building (1931), which required about 206 kilograms of steel per square metre and Chase Manhattan Bank Building (1961), which required around 275 kilograms of steel per square metre, the John Hancock Center was far more efficient, requiring only 145 kilograms of steel per square metre.[32] The trussed tube concept was applied to many later skyscrapers, including the Onterie Center, Citigroup Center and Bank of China Tower.[33]

Bundle tube

One of Khan's most important variations of the tube structure concept was the "bundled tube," which he used for the Sears Tower and One Magnificent Mile. The bundle tube design was not only the most efficient in economic terms, but it was also "innovative in its potential for versatile formulation of architectural space. Efficient towers no longer had to be box-like; the tube-units could take on various shapes and could be bundled together in different sorts of groupings."

Concrete tube structures

The last major buildings engineered by Khan were the One Magnificent Mile and Onterie Center in Chicago, which employed his bundled tube and trussed tube system designs respectively. In contrast to his earlier buildings, which were mainly steel, his last two buildings were concrete. His earlier DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments building, built in 1963 in Chicago, was also a concrete building with a tube structure.[23] The Brunswick Building, a 35 stories tall building built in 1965 also used this structural system.[34]

Influence

Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems in structural steel and reinforced concrete based on building height are still used today as starting point when considering design options for tall buildings.[35] Tube structures have since been used in many skyscrapers, including the construction of the World Trade Center, Aon Centre, Petronas Towers, Jin Mao Building, Bank of China Tower and most other buildings in excess of 40 stories constructed since the 1960s.[23] The strong influence of tube structure design is also evident in the world's current tallest skyscraper, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. According to Stephen Bayley of The Daily Telegraph:

Khan invented a new way of building tall. [...] So Fazlur Khan created the unconventional skyscraper. Reversing the logic of the steel frame, he decided that the building's external envelope could – given enough trussing, framing and bracing – be the structure itself. This made buildings even lighter. The "bundled tube" meant buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture. Khan's amazing insight – he was name-checked by Obama in his Cairo University speech last year – changed both the economics and the morphology of supertall buildings. And it made Burj Khalifa possible: proportionately, Burj employs perhaps half the steel that conservatively supports the Empire State Building. [...] Burj Khalifa is the ultimate expression of his audacious, lightweight design philosophy.[27]

Other architectural work

Khan designed several notable structures that are not skyscrapers. Examples include the Hajj terminal of King Abdulaziz International Airport, completed in 1981, which consists of tent-like roofs that are folded up when not in use. The terminal's structure has been made to adapt to the harsh desert conditions. The tent-like tensile structures advanced the theory and technology of fabric as a structural material and led the way to its use for other types of terminals and large spaces. The King Abdulaziz International Airport received several awards, including the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, which described it as an "outstanding contribution to architecture for Muslims".[36]

Khan also designed the King Abdulaziz University, the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs and the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis. With Bruce Graham, Khan developed a cable-stayed roof system for the Baxter Travenol Laboratories in Deerfield.[5]

Khan and Mark Fintel conceived ideas of shock absorbing soft-stories, for protecting structures from abnormal loading, particularly strong earthquakes, over a long period of time. This concept was a precursor to modern seismic isolation systems.[37]

Computers for structural engineering and architecture

In the 1970s, engineers were just beginning to use computer structural analysis on a large scale. SOM was at the center of these new developments, with undeniable contributions from Khan. Graham and Khan lobbied SOM partners to purchase a mainframe computer, a risky investment at a time when new technologies were just beginning to take shape. The partners agreed, and Khan began programming the system to calculate structural engineering equations and, later on, to develop architectural drawings.[30][38]

Professional milestones

List of buildings

Buildings on which Khan was structural engineer include:

Awards and chair

Among Khan's other accomplishments, he received the Wason Medal (1971) and Alfred Lindau Award (1973) from the American Concrete Institute (ACI); the Thomas Middlebrooks Award (1972) and the Ernest Howard Award (1977) from ASCE; the Kimbrough Medal (1973) from the American Institute of Steel Construction; the Oscar Faber medal (1973) from the Institution of Structural Engineers, London; the International Award of Merit in Structural Engineering (1983) from the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering IABSE; the AIA Institute Honor for Distinguished Achievement (1983) from the American Institute of Architects; and the John Parmer Award (1987) from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois and Illinois Engineering Hall of Fame from Illinois Engineering Council (2006).[39]

Khan was cited five times by Engineering News-Record as among those who served the best interests of the construction industry, and in 1972 he was honoured with ENR's Man of the Year award. In 1973 he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. He received Honorary Doctorates from Northwestern University, Lehigh University, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich.[5]

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat named the Fazlur Khan Lifetime Achievement Medal after him,[35] and other awards have been established in his honour, along with a chair at Lehigh University. Promoting educational activities and research, the Fazlur Rahman Khan Endowed Chair of Structural Engineering and Architecture honours Khan's legacy of engineering advancement and architectural sensibility. Dan Frangopol, the first holder of the chair, said, "Dr. Khan's legacy is the creativity, practicality, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of his work. I try to incorporate these same qualities into my own work."[40]

Charity

In 1971 the Bangladesh liberation war brokeout. Khan was heavily involved with creating public opinion and garnering emergency funding for Bengali people during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. He created the Chicago-based organisation known as Bangladesh Emergency Welfare Appeal.

Death

Khan died of a heart attack on 27 March 1982 while on a trip in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, at the age of 52. He was the general partner in SOM, the only engineer holding that high position at the time. His body was returned to the United States and was buried in Chicago.[14]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ "List of Independence Awardees". Cabinet Division, Government of Bangladesh (in Bengali). Retrieved 2012-11-29.
  2. ↑ "Fazlur R. Khan (American engineer)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  3. ↑ Ali Mir (2001), Art of the Skyscraper: the Genius of Fazlur Khan, Rizzoli International Publications, ISBN 0-8478-2370-9
  4. 1 2 Luebkeman, Chris H. (1996). "Special Studies in Building Structure: Pencil Towers and the History and Development of the High-Rise". University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 2012-06-26.
  5. 1 2 3 Khan, Yasmin S. "Dr. Fazlur R. Khan (1929–1982): Engineering Pioneer of Modern Architecture". Lehigh University. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  6. ↑ "The 20 Most Notable Engineers of All Time". High Tech History. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  7. ↑ America’s most influential 20th century engineers, CE News.
  8. ↑ Weingardt 2005, p. 75.
  9. ↑ "Fazlur Khan". Visual Arts. Retrieved 2013.
  10. ↑ "Role Models in Science & Engineering Achievement: Fazlur R. Khan". USA Science & Engineering Festival. Archived from the original on 2015-04-28. Retrieved 2014.
  11. ↑ Weingardt 2005, p. 78-.
  12. ↑ "Lehigh University: Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series". Lehigh.edu. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  13. 1 2 "Designing Cities in the Sky". Lehigh University. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Weingardt, Richard G. (February 2011). "Fazlur Rahman Khan" (PDF). Structure Magazine: 44–46. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  15. ↑ "Distinguished Alumnus/Alumna Awards - Chronological Listing of Past Winners". The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
  16. ↑ Kahn, Fazlur. "Analytical study of relations among various design criteria for rectangular prestressed concrete beams". ProQuest. Retrieved 2014-06-12.
  17. 1 2 Baker, William F. (2001). "Structural Innovation" (PDF). Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: Cities in the Third Millennium. New York: Spon Press. pp. 481–493. ISBN 0-415-23241-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-02.
  18. ↑ "Obama Mentions Fazlur Rahman Khan". The Muslim Observer. 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
  19. ↑ "Construction’s Man of the Year: Fazlur R. Khan". Dr. Fazlur R. Khan. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  20. ↑ "IALCCE Honors and Awards". Ialcce.org. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  21. ↑ Mir M. Ali, Kyoung Sun Moon. "Structural developments in tall buildings: current trends and future prospects". Architectural Science Review (September 2007). Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  22. ↑ Weingardt 2005, p. 76.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Ali, Mir M. (2001). "Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers: from Ingalls to Jin mao". Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 1 (1): 2–14. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  24. ↑ "Top 10 world's tallest steel buildings". ConstructionWeekOnline. 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  25. ↑ "Google Drive Viewer". Docs.google.com. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  26. ↑ On the rise. Constructionweekonline.com (2011-01-31). Retrieved on 2012-06-26.
  27. 1 2 Bayley, Stephen (2010-01-05). "Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity". Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2012-06-26.
  28. ↑ "Chicago City Council Resolution honoring Fazlur Rahman Khan | South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)". Saadigitalarchive.org. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  29. ↑ "Google Drive Viewer". Docs.google.com. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  30. 1 2 Zweig, Christina M. (2011-03-30). "Structural Engineer". Gostructural.com. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  31. ↑ "Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers". Retrieved 2007-05-14.
  32. 1 2 Alfred Swenson & Pao-Chi Chang (2008). "Building construction: High-rise construction since 1945". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  33. ↑ Dr. D. M Chan. "Introduction to Tall building Structures" (PDF). Teaching.ust.hk. p. 34.
  34. ↑ "Brunswick Building". Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP.
  35. 1 2 "IALCCE 2012: Keynote Speakers Details". Ialcce2012.boku.ac.at. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  36. ↑ "King Abdul Aziz International Airport - Hajj Terminal". Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP.
  37. ↑ Life-Cycle and Sustainability of Civil Infrastructure Systems: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE'12), Vienna, Austria, October 3-6, 2012. CRC Press. 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
  38. ↑ "The Crude Consciousness of a New Age". Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05.
  39. ↑ Weingardt 2005.
  40. ↑ "A Conversation with Dan Frangopol". Lehigh.edu. Retrieved 2014-03-12.

References

Further reading

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, April 04, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.