Feedlot

Beef cattle on a feedlot in the Texas Panhandle

A feedlot or feed yard is a type of animal feeding operation (AFO) which is used in intensive animal farming for finishing livestock, notably beef cattle, but also swine, horses, sheep, turkeys, chickens or ducks, prior to slaughter. Large beef feedlots are called concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in the United States[1] and intensive livestock operations (ILOs)[2] or confined feeding operations (CFOs) [3] in Canada. Feedlots may contain thousands of animals--sometimes 25,000 or more--in an array of pens.

The basic principle of the feedlot is to increase the amount of meat each animal produces as quickly as possible; if animals are kept in confined quarters rather than being allowed to range freely over grassland, they will put on weight more quickly. While this practice makes beef less expensive for humans, it comes at a cost to the cattle--natural grazing animals who, in a feedlot, are allotted as little as 125-200 square feet per animal for the many months they typically spend there.

It is not only the animals who are concentrated; it is also their waste. Whereas manure is dispersed over a wide area when cattle graze freely (and is healthy for the soil), the density of manure mixed with the soil in a concentrated operation poses potential health risks both for the cattle and for nearby human populations.

Most feedlots require some type of governmental permit and must have plans in place to deal with the large amount of waste that is generated. The Environmental Protection Agency has authority under the Clean Water Act to regulate all animal feeding operations in the United States. This authority is delegated to individual states in some cases.[4] In Canada, regulation of feedlots is shared between all levels of government, whilst in Australia this role is handled by the National Feedlot Accreditation Scheme (NFAS).[5]

Scheduling and diet

Conventional practice in North America is for cattle to be placed in a feedlot for the last 6 to 8 months of their lives; they are typically slaughtered when they are about 18 months old. Prior to entering a feedlot, cattle typically graze graze on rangeland or on immature fields of grain such as green wheat pasture. Once cattle obtain an entry-level weight, about 650 to 700 pounds (300 kg), they are transferred to a feedlot to be fed a specialized animal feed which consists of corn, corn byproducts (some of which is derived from ethanol and high fructose corn syrup production), milo, barley, and other grains as well as roughage which may consist of alfalfa, corn stalks, sorghum, or other hay, cottonseed meal, and premixes composed of microingredients such as vitamins, minerals, chemical preservatives, antibiotics, fermentation products, and other essential ingredients that are purchased from premix companies, usually in sacked form, for blending into commercial rations. Because of the availability of these products, a farmer who uses his own grain can formulate his own rations and be assured his animals are getting the recommended levels of minerals and vitamins.[6] In the American northwest and Canada, barley, low grade durum wheat, chick peas (garbanzo beans), oats and occasionally potatoes are used as feed.

The practice of feeding cattle largely on grain in feedlots (rather than on grass) has been widely criticized by animal welfare organizations. In the view of the Vancouver Humane Society, for example, the typical feedlot diet "wreaks havoc with their digestive systems (as ruminants, cattle are suited to eating grass, not grain). Consequently, cattle suffer from bloating, diarrhea and extreme discomfort."[7]

The alternative to feedlots is to allow cattle to graze on grass throughout their lives. Though controlled grazing methods of this sort necessitate higher beef prices, controlled grazing has benefits for the environment and for the cattle themselves. Organic producer Sunworks Farm, for example, argues that controlled grazing "allows the cattle to have access to the freshest grass every day ... [and] allows the valuable manure that the animals leave to be spread out over the land.... The cattle lead a low stress life [and have] constant access to fresh clean water."[8]

In a typical feedlot, a cow's diet is roughly 62% roughage, 31% grain, 5% supplements (minerals and vitamins), and 2% premix. High-grain diets lower the pH in the animals' rumen. The practice of feeding cattle largely on grain in feedlots (rather than on grass) has been widely criticized by animal welfare organizations. In the view of the Vancouver Humane Society, for example, the typical feedlot diet "wreaks havoc with their digestive systems (as ruminants, cattle are suited to eating grass, not grain). Consequently, cattle suffer from bloating, diarrhea and extreme discomfort."[9] Due to the stress caused by feedlot conditions (and also in order to promote growth), cattle in feedlots are routinely given antibiotics.[10]

Feedlot diets are high in protein, to encourage growth of muscle mass and the deposition of some fat (known as marbling in butchered meat). The marbling is desirable to consumers, as it contributes to flavor and tenderness. The animal may gain an additional 400 pounds (180 kg) during its approximate 200 days in the feedlot. Once cattle are fattened up to their finished weight, the fed cattle are transported to a slaughterhouse.

Waste recycling

Increasing numbers of cattle feedlots are utilizing out-wintering pads made of timber residue bedding in their operations.[11] Nutrients are retained in the waste timber and livestock effluent and can be recycled within the farm system after use.

History

The beef industry today is highly dependent upon technology, but this has not always been true. In the early 20th century, feeder operations were separate from all other related operations and feedlots were non-existent.[12] They appeared in the 1950s and 1960s as a result of hybrid grains and irrigation techniques; the ensuing larger grain crops led to abundant grain harvests. However, the first known feedlot was designed and built by Gustavus Swift in 1876 on the south side of Chicago.[13] It was suddenly possible to feed large numbers of cattle in one location and so, to cut transportation costs, grain farm and feedlot locations merged. Cattle were no longer sent from all across the southern states to places like California, where large slaughter houses were located. In the 1980s, meat packers followed the path of feedlots and are now located close by them as well.

Marketing

There are many methods used to sell cattle to meat packers. Spot, or cash, marketing is the traditional and most commonly used method. Prices are influenced by current demand and are determined by live weight or per head. Similar to this is forward contracting, in which prices are determined the same way but are not directly influenced by market demand fluctuations. Forward contracts determine the selling price between the two parties negotiating for a set amount of time. However, this method is the least used because it requires some knowledge of production costs and the willingness of both sides to take a risk in the futures market. Another method, formula pricing, is becoming the most popular process, as it more accurately represents the value of meat received by the packer. This requires trust between the packers and feedlots though, and is under criticism from the feedlots because the amount paid to the feedlots is determined by the packers’ assessment of the meat received. Finally, live- or carcass-weight based formula pricing is most common. Other types include grid pricing and boxed beef pricing. The most controversial marketing method stems from the vertical integration of packer-owned feedlots, which still represents less than 10% of all methods, but has been growing over the years.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Animal Feeding Operations". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  2. ↑ http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=98892fe8-ed63-4840-a7ba-5045d33bd0c5
  3. ↑ http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/epw2069
  4. ↑ 2008 Final CAFO Rule, USEPA, Office of Water, 2009. http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/afo/cafofinalrule.cfm
  5. ↑ Cottle, David; Kahn, Lewis, eds. (2014). Beef Cattle Production and Trade. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643109889. External link in |title= (help)
  6. ↑ R. A. Zinn University of California, Davis A Guide to Feed Mixing
  7. ↑ "Farm Animal Welfare," Vancouver Humane Society website, May 4, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Organic Beef," Sunworks Farm website, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Farm Animal Welfare," Vancouver Humane Society website, May 4, 2016).
  10. ↑ Friend, Catherine. The Compassionate Carnivore: Or, How to Keep Animals Happy, save Old MacDonald's Farm, Reduce Your Hoofprint, and Still Eat Meat. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Lifelong, 2008.
  11. ↑ Augustenborg, C.A.; O.T. Carton; R.P.O. Schulte; and I. H. Suffet (2008)'Silage Dry-Matter Yield and Nitrogen Response following Land Application of Spent Timber Residue from Out-Wintering Pads to Irish Grassland',Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,39:7,1122—1137.
  12. ↑ Clark, Georgia and Jaime Malaga. 2005. “West Texas Feedlots: Reality and Perspectives”. Texas Tech University.
  13. ↑ Philip D. Hubbs, M.A., The Origins and Consequences of the American Feedlot, Baylor University, History Department. August 2010.
  14. ↑ Ward, Clement. 2005. “Captive Supply Price Relationships and Impacts.” Oklahoma State University Oklahoma Extension Service. Bull. No. F-598.

External links

Further reading

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