Fermion doubling

The fermion doubling problem is a problem that is encountered when naively trying to put fermionic fields on a lattice. It consists in the appearance of spurious states, such that one ends up having 2^d fermionic particles (with d the number of discretized dimensions) for each original fermion. In order to solve this problem, several strategies are in use, such as Wilson fermions and staggered fermions.

Mathematical overview

The action of a free Dirac fermion in d dimensions,^{[note 1]} of mass m, and in the continuum (i.e. without discretization) is commonly given as

$S = \int d^dx \; \bar\psi (\partial\!\!\!/ + m) \psi \;.$

Here, the Feynman slash notation was used to write

$\gamma_\mu a^{\mu} = a\!\!\!/$

where γ_μ are the gamma matrices. When this action is discretized on a cubic lattice, the fermion field ψ(x) is replaced with a discretized version ψ_x, where x now denotes the lattice site. The derivative is replaced by the finite difference. The resulting action is now:^[1]

$S = a^d \sum_{x,\mu} \frac1{2a} (\bar\psi_x\gamma_\mu\psi_{x+\hat\mu} - \bar\psi_{x+\hat\mu}\gamma_\mu\psi_x) + a^d \sum_x m\bar\psi_x\psi_x \;,$

where a is the lattice spacing and $\hat\mu$ is the vector of length a in the μ direction. When one computes the inverse fermion propagator in momentum space, one readily finds:^[1]

$S^{-1}(p) = m + \frac ia \sum_\mu \gamma_\mu \sin(p_\mu a) \;.$

Due to the finite lattice spacing the momenta p_μ have to be inside the Brillouin zone, which is typically taken to be the interval [−π/a,+π/a].

When simply taking the limit a → 0 in the above inverse propagator, one recovers the correct continuum result. However, when instead expanding this expression around a value of p_μ where one or more of the components are at the corners of the Brillouin zone (i.e. equal to π/a), one finds the same continuum form again, although the sign in front of the gamma matrix can change.^{[2][note 2]} This means that, when one of the components of the momentum is near π/a, the discretized fermion field will again behave like a continuum fermion. This can happen with all d components of the momentum, leading to —with the original fermion with momentum near the origin included— 2^d different "tastes" (in analogy to flavor).^{[note 3]}

The Nielsen–Ninomiya theorem

Nielsen and Ninomiya proved a theorem^[3] stating that a local, real, free fermion lattice action, having chiral and translational invariance, necessarily has fermion doubling. The only way to get rid of the doublers is by violating one of the presuppositions of the theorem —for example:

• Wilson fermions explicitly violate chiral symmetry, giving an infinitely high mass to the doublers which then decouple.
• So-called "perfect lattice fermions" have a nonlocal action.
• Staggered fermions
• Twisted mass fermions
• Ginsparg–Wilson fermions
• Domain wall fermions
• Overlap fermions
• Interacting fermions (ie Mirror fermions). Adding interaction to get rid of the doublers seems to be the simplest and most natural way to solve the chiral fermion problem (compare to going to higher dimensions and/or considering non-local theory), and it works for both abelian and non-abelian gauge groups. ^{[4] [5]}

See also

• Staggered fermions: a way to reduce the number of doublers
• Acoustic and optical phonons: a similar phenomenon in solid state crystals

Notes and references

Notes

1. As the lattice discretization is always defined in Euclidean spacetime, we will suppose the suitable Wick rotation has been performed. Herefore, no difference will be made between covariant and cotravariant indices.
2. Due to these changes in sign, the chiral anomaly cancels exactly, which is not in agreement with phenomenology.
3. As the action of scalars contains second derivatives, a similar procedure in this case would lead to a quadratic inverse propagator, which does not have these doublers.

References

1. Chandrasekharan; Wiese (2004). "An Introduction to chiral symmetry on the lattice". Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 53: 373. arXiv:hep-lat/0405024. Bibcode:2004PrPNP..53..373C. doi:10.1016/j.ppnp.2004.05.003.
2. Gupta (1998). "Introduction to lattice QCD". arXiv:hep-lat/9807028.
3. Nielsen; Ninomiya (1981). "Absence of Neutrinos on a Lattice". Nucl. Phys. B 185: 20. Bibcode:1981NuPhB.185...20N. doi:10.1016/0550-3213(81)90361-8.
   Nielsen; Ninomiya (1981). "No go theorem for regularizing chiral fermions". Phys. Lett. B 105: 219. Bibcode:1981PhLB..105..219N. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(81)91026-1.
4. Xiao-Gang Wen, Chin. Phys. Lett. (2013) Vol. 30, 111101 DOI: 10.1088/0256-307X/30/11/111101 (arXiv:1305.1045)
5. Yi-Zhuang You, Cenke Xu , Phys. Rev. B 91, 125147 (2015)