Ferruginous pygmy owl

Ferruginous pygmy owl Glaucidium brasilianum
Cactus ferruginous pygmy owl
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Strigiformes
Family:	Strigidae
Genus:	Glaucidium
Species:	G. brasilianum
Binomial name
Glaucidium brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788)

The ferruginous pygmy owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) is a small owl that breeds in south-central Arizona in the United States, south through Mexico and Central America, to South America into Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.

In Central America and South America, it is the most widely distributed pygmy owl and is probably one of the most numerous owl species in those areas. It is found in a wide range of semi-open wooded habitats in these areas

Taxonomy

This species is a part of the larger family Strigidae of owls, known as typical owls. This family contains most species of owls.

Trinidad, as well as other localities, have endemic subspecies of the Glaucidium brasilianum owl. Recent genetics work has found substantial differences in ferruginous pygmy owls from different regions and members of the northern ridgwayi group are sometimes considered a separate species, the Ridgway's pygmy-owl (Glaucidium ridgwayi).

Description

This species is crepuscular, but often hunts by day. It hunts a variety of birds, lizards, mammals, and insects. The flight is low to the ground and rapid with long swoops.

It can be readily located by the small birds that mob it while it is perched in a tree (up to 40 birds of 11 species have been recorded mobbing one owl).

Appearance

Glaucidium brasilianum in Mexico

The ferruginous pygmy owl is small, typically 15 cm (5.9 in), and stocky with disproportionately large talons. The crown has elongated white/buff spots or streaks, the wing coverts have white spots, and the underparts are heavily streaked white. There are prominent white supercilia above the facial disc. There are two eye spots on the nape.

Otherwise, its overall color is highly variable, ranging from grey-brown with a black-and-white barred tail to rich rufous with a uniform rufous tail. Sexes are similar with females slightly larger and often more reddish.

Call

The call is a whistled hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo, usually in E flat. It is easily imitated, and is used by birdwatchers to attract small birds intent on mobbing the pygmy owls.

Breeding and incubation

The Glaucidium brasilianum mating season is from late winter to early spring. It is a cavity nesting bird (tree and columnar cactus cavities), laying 3–5 white eggs. Incubation is 28 days, with 27–30 days to fledging.

Conservation

The northernmost subspecies, G. b. cactorum, commonly called the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl, was a listed Endangered species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. This protected it in south-central Arizona from loss of habitat and buffel grass fires. Buffel grass catches fire very easy, which spreads to cacti, burning the owl's primary habitat.

Its range extends over the border into Sonora, Mexico. Glaucidium brasilianum was delisted in 2006.

References

1. BirdLife International (2012). "Glaucidium brasilianum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

• ffrench, Richard (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2.
• Hilty, Steven L (2003). Birds of Venezuela. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5.

External links

• Ferruginous Pygmy Owl - Glaucidium brasilianum - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Ferruginous Pygmy Owl videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
• Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owl information and Photos
• Ferruginous Pygmy Owl Rescue
• Ferruginous Pygmy Owl Photos at peter-haefele.de
• Ferruginous Pygmy Owl photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
• Ferruginous Pygmy Owl species account at NeotropicalBirds (Cornell University)

• Interactive range map of Glaucidium brasilianum at IUCN Red List maps