Fields Medal

Fields Medal
The obverse of the Fields Medal
Awarded for	Outstanding contributions in mathematics attributed to young scientists
Country	Varies
Presented by	International Mathematical Union (IMU)
Reward	$15,000 CAD
First awarded	1936
Last awarded	2014
Official website	www.mathunion.org/general/prizes/fields/details

The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years. The Fields Medal is sometimes viewed as the highest honor a mathematician can receive.^[1][2] The Fields Medal and the Abel Prize have often been described as the mathematician's "Nobel Prize" (but different at least for the age restriction).

The prize comes with a monetary award, which since 2006 has been C$15,000 (in Canadian dollars).^[3][4] The colloquial name is in honour of Canadian mathematician John Charles Fields.^[5] Fields was instrumental in establishing the award, designing the medal itself, and funding the monetary component.^[5]

The medal was first awarded in 1936 to Finnish mathematician Lars Ahlfors and American mathematician Jesse Douglas, and it has been awarded every four years since 1950. Its purpose is to give recognition and support to younger mathematical researchers who have made major contributions.

In 2014 Maryam Mirzakhani became the first woman as well as the first Iranian, and Artur Avila became the first mathematician from Latin America to be awarded a Fields Medal.^[6][7]

Conditions of the award

The Fields Medal is often described as the "Nobel Prize of Mathematics" and for a long time was regarded as the most prestigious award in the field of mathematics.^[8] However, in contrast to the Nobel Prize, the Fields Medal is awarded only every four years. The Fields Medal also has an age limit: a recipient must be under age 40 on 1 January of the year in which the medal is awarded. This is similar to restrictions applicable to the Clark Medal in economics. The under-40 rule is based on Fields' desire that "while it was in recognition of work already done, it was at the same time intended to be an encouragement for further achievement on the part of the recipients and a stimulus to renewed effort on the part of others."^[9]

The monetary award is much lower than the 8,000,000 Swedish kronor (roughly 1,400,000 Canadian dollars)^[10] given with each Nobel prize as of 2014.^[11] Other major awards in mathematics, such as the Abel Prize and the Chern Medal, have larger monetary prizes, comparable to the Nobel.

Fields medalists

Year	ICM location	Medalists[12]	Affiliation (when awarded)	Affiliation (current/last)	Citation
1936	Oslo, Norway	Lars Ahlfors	University of Helsinki, Finland	Harvard University, US[13][14]	"Awarded medal for research on covering surfaces related to Riemann surfaces of inverse functions of entire and meromorphic functions. Opened up new fields of analysis."
		Jesse Douglas	Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US	City College of New York, US[15][16]	"Did important work of the Plateau problem which is concerned with finding minimal surfaces connecting and determined by some fixed boundary."
1950	Cambridge, US	Laurent Schwartz	University of Nancy, France	University of Paris VII, France[17][18]	"Developed the theory of distributions, a new notion of generalized function motivated by the Dirac delta-function of theoretical physics."
		Atle Selberg	Institute for Advanced Study, US	Institute for Advanced Study, US[19]	"Developed generalizations of the sieve methods of Viggo Brun; achieved major results on zeros of the Riemann zeta function; gave an elementary proof of the prime number theorem (with P. Erdős), with a generalization to prime numbers in an arbitrary arithmetic progression."
1954	Amsterdam, Netherlands	Kunihiko Kodaira	University of Tokyo, Japan and Institute for Advanced Study, US[20]	University of Tokyo, Japan[21]	"Achieved major results in the theory of harmonic integrals and numerous applications to Kählerian and more specifically to algebraic varieties. He demonstrated, by sheaf cohomology, that such varieties are Hodge manifolds."
		Jean-Pierre Serre	University of Nancy, France	Collège de France, France[22][23]	"Achieved major results on the homotopy groups of spheres, especially in his use of the method of spectral sequences. Reformulated and extended some of the main results of complex variable theory in terms of sheaves."
1958	Edinburgh, UK	Klaus Roth	University College London, UK	Imperial College London, UK[24]	"Solved in 1955 the famous Thue-Siegel problem concerning the approximation to algebraic numbers by rational numbers and proved in 1952 that a sequence with no three numbers in arithmetic progression has zero density (a conjecture of Erdös and Turán of 1935)."
		René Thom	University of Strasbourg, France	Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France[25]	"In 1954 invented and developed the theory of cobordism in algebraic topology. This classification of manifolds used homotopy theory in a fundamental way and became a prime example of a general cohomology theory."
1962	Stockholm, Sweden	Lars Hörmander	University of Stockholm, Sweden	Lund University, Sweden[26]	"Worked in partial differential equations. Specifically, contributed to the general theory of linear differential operators. The questions go back to one of Hilbert's problems at the 1900 congress."
		John Milnor	Princeton University, US	Stony Brook University, US[27]	"Proved that a 7-dimensional sphere can have several differential structures; this led to the creation of the field of differential topology."
1966	Moscow, USSR	Michael Atiyah	University of Oxford, UK	University of Edinburgh, UK[28]	"Did joint work with Hirzebruch in K-theory; proved jointly with Singer the index theorem of elliptic operators on complex manifolds; worked in collaboration with Bott to prove a fixed point theorem related to the "Lefschetz formula"."
		Paul Joseph Cohen	Stanford University, US	Stanford University, US[29]	"Used technique called "forcing" to prove the independence in set theory of the axiom of choice and of the generalized continuum hypothesis. The latter problem was the first of Hilbert's problems of the 1900 Congress."
		Alexander Grothendieck	Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France	Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France[30]	"Built on work of Weil and Zariski and effected fundamental advances in algebraic geometry. He introduced the idea of K-theory (the Grothendieck groups and rings). Revolutionized homological algebra in his celebrated "Tohoku paper""
		Stephen Smale	University of California, Berkeley, US	City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong[31]	"Worked in differential topology where he proved the generalized Poincaré conjecture in dimension n>=5: Every closed, n-dimensional manifold homotopy-equivalent to the n-dimensional sphere is homeomorphic to it. Introduced the method of handle-bodies to solve this and related problems."
1970	Nice, France	Alan Baker	University of Cambridge, UK	Trinity College, Cambridge, UK[32]	"Generalized the Gelfond-Schneider theorem (the solution to Hilbert's seventh problem). From this work he generated transcendental numbers not previously identified."
		Heisuke Hironaka	Harvard University, US	Kyoto University, Japan[33][34]	"Generalized work of Zariski who had proved for dimension <=3 the theorem concerning the resolution of singularities on an algebraic variety. Hironaka proved the results in any dimension."
		John G. Thompson	University of Cambridge, UK	University of Cambridge, UK University of Florida, US[35]	"Proved jointly with W. Feit that all non-cyclic finite simple groups have even order. The extension of this work by Thompson determined the minimal simple finite groups, that is, the simple finite groups whose proper subgroups are solvable."
		Sergei Novikov	Moscow State University, USSR	Steklov Mathematical Institute, Russia Moscow State University, Russia University of Maryland-College Park, US[36][37]	"Made important advances in topology, the most well-known being his proof of the topological invariance of the Pontrjagin classes of the differentiable manifold. His work included a study of the cohomology and homotopy of Thom spaces."
1974	Vancouver, Canada	Enrico Bombieri	University of Pisa, Italy	Institute for Advanced Study, US[38]	"Major contributions in the primes, in univalent functions and the local Bieberbach conjecture, in theory of functions of several complex variables, and in theory of partial differential equations and minimal surfaces - in particular, to the solution of Bernstein's problem in higher dimensions."
		David Mumford	Harvard University, US	Brown University, US[39]	"Contributed to problems of the existence and structure of varieties of moduli, varieties whose points parametrize isomorphism classes of some type of geometric object. Also made several important contributions to the theory of algebraic surfaces."
1978	Helsinki, Finland	Pierre Deligne	Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France	Institute for Advanced Study, US[40]	"Gave solution of the three Weil conjectures concerning generalizations of the Riemann hypothesis to finite fields. His work did much to unify algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory."
		Charles Fefferman	Princeton University, US	Princeton University, US[41]	"Contributed several innovations that revised the study of multidimensional complex analysis by finding correct generalizations of classical (low-dimensional) results."
		Daniel Quillen	Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US	University of Oxford, UK[42]	"The prime architect of the higher algebraic K-theory, a new tool that successfully employed geometric and topological methods and ideas to formulate and solve major problems in algebra, particularly ring theory and module theory."
		Grigori Margulis	Moscow State University, USSR	Yale University, US[43]	"Provided innovative analysis of the structure of Lie groups. His work belongs to combinatorics, differential geometry, ergodic theory, dynamical systems, and Lie groups."
1982	Warsaw, Poland	Alain Connes	Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France	Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France Collège de France, France Ohio State University, US[44]	"Contributed to the theory of operator algebras, particularly the general classification and structure theorem of factors of type III, classification of automorphisms of the hyperfinite factor, classification of injective factors, and applications of the theory of C*-algebras to foliations and differential geometry in general."
		William Thurston	Princeton University, US	Cornell University, US[45]	"Revolutionized study of topology in 2 and 3 dimensions, showing interplay between analysis, topology, and geometry. Contributed idea that a very large class of closed 3-manifolds carry a hyperbolic structure."
		Shing-Tung Yau	Institute for Advanced Study, US	Harvard University, US[46]	"Made contributions in differential equations, also to the Calabi conjecture in algebraic geometry, to the positive mass conjecture of general relativity theory, and to real and complex Monge-Ampère equations."
1986	Berkeley, US	Simon Donaldson	University of Oxford, UK	Imperial College London, UK[47] Stony Brook University, US[48]	"Received medal primarily for his work on topology of four-manifolds, especially for showing that there is a differential structure on euclidian four-space which is different from the usual structure."
		Gerd Faltings	Princeton University, US	Max Planck Institute for Mathematics, Germany[49]	"Using methods of arithmetic algebraic geometry, he received medal primarily for his proof of the Mordell Conjecture."
		Michael Freedman	University of California, San Diego, US	Microsoft Station Q, US[50]	"Developed new methods for topological analysis of four-manifolds. One of his results is a proof of the four-dimensional Poincaré Conjecture."
1990	Kyoto, Japan	Vladimir Drinfeld	B Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, USSR[51]	University of Chicago, US[52]	"For his work on quantum groups and for his work in number theory."
		Vaughan F. R. Jones	University of California, Berkeley, US	University of California, Berkeley, US,[53] Vanderbilt University, US[54]	"for his discovery of an unexpected link between the mathematical study of knots – a field that dates back to the 19th century – and statistical mechanics, a form of mathematics used to study complex systems with large numbers of components."
		Shigefumi Mori	Kyoto University, Japan	Kyoto University, Japan[55]	"for the proof of Hartshorne’s conjecture and his work on the classification of three-dimensional algebraic varieties."
		Edward Witten	Institute for Advanced Study, US	Institute for Advanced Study, US[56]	"proof in 1981 of the positive energy theorem in general relativity"[57]
1994	Zurich, Switzerland	Jean Bourgain	Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France	Institute for Advanced Study, US[58]	"Bourgain's work touches on several central topics of mathematical analysis: the geometry of Banach spaces, convexity in high dimensions, harmonic analysis, ergodic theory, and finally, nonlinear partial differential equations from mathematical physics."
		Pierre-Louis Lions	University of Paris 9, France	Collège de France, France École polytechnique, France[59]	"... such nonlinear partial differential equation simply do not have smooth or even C1 solutions existing after short times. ... The only option is therefore to search for some kind of "weak" solution. This undertaking is in effect to figure out how to allow for certain kinds of "physically correct" singularities and how to forbid others. ... Lions and Crandall at last broke open the problem by focusing attention on viscosity solutions, which are defined in terms of certain inequalities holding wherever the graph of the solution is touched on one side or the other by a smooth test function."
		Jean-Christophe Yoccoz	Paris-Sud 11 University, France	Collège de France, France[60]	"proving stability properties - dynamic stability, such as that sought for the solar system, or structural stability, meaning persistence under parameter changes of the global properties of the system."
		Efim Zelmanov	University of California, San Diego, US	Steklov Mathematical Institute, Russia, University of California, San Diego, US[61]	"For his solution to the restricted Burnside problem."
1998	Berlin, Germany	Richard Borcherds	University of California, Berkeley, US University of Cambridge, UK	University of California, Berkeley, US[62]	"for his work on the introduction of vertex algebras, the proof of the Moonshine conjecture and for his discovery of a new class of automorphic infinite products"
		Timothy Gowers	University of Cambridge, UK	University of Cambridge, UK[63]	"William Timothy Gowers has provided important contributions to functional analysis, making extensive use of methods from combination theory. These two fields apparently have little to do with each other, and a significant achievement of Gowers has been to combine these fruitfully."
		Maxim Kontsevich	Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France Rutgers University, US	Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France Rutgers University, US[64]	"contributions to four problems of geometry"
		Curtis T. McMullen	Harvard University, US	Harvard University, US[65]	"He has made important contributions to various branches of the theory of dynamical systems, such as the algorithmic study of polynomial equations, the study of the distribution of the points of a lattice of a Lie group, hyperbolic geometry, holomorphic dynamics and the renormalization of maps of the interval."
2002	Beijing, China	Laurent Lafforgue	Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France	Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, France[66]	"Laurent Lafforgue has been awarded the Fields Medal for his proof of the Langlands correspondence for the full linear groups GLr (r≥1) over function fields."
		Vladimir Voevodsky	Institute for Advanced Study, US	Institute for Advanced Study, US[67]	" he defined and developed motivic cohomology and the A1-homotopy theory of algebraic varieties; he proved the Milnor conjectures on the K-theory of fields"
2006	Madrid, Spain	Andrei Okounkov	Princeton University, US	Columbia University, US[68]	"for his contributions bridging probability, representation theory and algebraic geometry"
		Grigori Perelman (declined)	None	Steklov Mathematical Institute, Russia[69]	"for his contributions to geometry and his revolutionary insights into the analytical and geometric structure of the Ricci flow"
		Terence Tao	University of California, Los Angeles, US	University of California, Los Angeles, US[70]	"for his contributions to partial differential equations, combinatorics, harmonic analysis and additive number theory"
		Wendelin Werner	Paris-Sud 11 University, France	ETH Zurich, Switzerland[71]	"for his contributions to the development of stochastic Loewner evolution, the geometry of two-dimensional Brownian motion, and conformal field theory"
2010	Hyderabad, India	Elon Lindenstrauss	Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Princeton University, US	Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel[72]	"For his results on measure rigidity in ergodic theory, and their applications to number theory."
		Ngô Bảo Châu	Paris-Sud 11 University, France Institute for Advanced Study, US	Paris-Sud 11 University, France University of Chicago, US Vietnam Institute for Advanced Study, Vietnam[73]	"For his proof of the Fundamental Lemma in the theory of automorphic forms through the introduction of new algebro-geometric methods"
		Stanislav Smirnov	University of Geneva, Switzerland	University of Geneva, Switzerland St. Petersburg State University, Russia[74]	"For the proof of conformal invariance of percolation and the planar Ising model in statistical physics"
		Cédric Villani	École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France Institut Henri Poincaré, France	Lyon University, France Institut Henri Poincaré, France[75]	"For his proofs of nonlinear Landau damping and convergence to equilibrium for the Boltzmann equation."
2014	Seoul, South Korea	Artur Avila	University of Paris VII, France CNRS, France Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, Brazil	University of Paris VII, France CNRS, France Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, Brazil	"for his profound contributions to dynamical systems theory, which have changed the face of the field, using the powerful idea of renormalization as a unifying principle."
		Manjul Bhargava	Princeton University, US	Princeton University, US[76][77][78]	"for developing powerful new methods in the geometry of numbers, which he applied to count rings of small rank and to bound the average rank of elliptic curves."
		Martin Hairer	University of Warwick, UK	University of Warwick, UK[79][80][81][82]	"for his outstanding contributions to the theory of stochastic partial differential equations, and in particular for the creation of a theory of regularity structures for such equations."
		Maryam Mirzakhani	Stanford University, US	Stanford University, US[83][84]	"for her outstanding contributions to the dynamics and geometry of Riemann surfaces and their moduli spaces."
2018	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

Landmarks

In 1954, Jean-Pierre Serre became the youngest winner of the Fields Medal, at 27. He still retains this distinction.

In 1966, Alexander Grothendieck boycotted the ICM, held in Moscow, to protest Soviet military actions taking place in Eastern Europe.^[85] Léon Motchane, founder and director of the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques attended and accepted Grothendieck's Fields Medal on his behalf.^[86]

In 1970, Sergei Novikov, because of restrictions placed on him by the Soviet government, was unable to travel to the congress in Nice to receive his medal.

In 1978, Grigory Margulis, because of restrictions placed on him by the Soviet government, was unable to travel to the congress in Helsinki to receive his medal. The award was accepted on his behalf by Jacques Tits, who said in his address: "I cannot but express my deep disappointment — no doubt shared by many people here — in the absence of Margulis from this ceremony. In view of the symbolic meaning of this city of Helsinki, I had indeed grounds to hope that I would have a chance at last to meet a mathematician whom I know only through his work and for whom I have the greatest respect and admiration."^[87]

In 1982, the congress was due to be held in Warsaw but had to be rescheduled to the next year, because of martial law introduced in Poland on 13 Dec 1981. The awards were announced at the ninth General Assembly of the IMU earlier in the year and awarded at the 1983 Warsaw congress.

In 1990, Edward Witten became the first and so far only physicist to win this award.

In 1998, at the ICM, Andrew Wiles was presented by the chair of the Fields Medal Committee, Yuri I. Manin, with the first-ever IMU silver plaque in recognition of his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. Don Zagier referred to the plaque as a "quantized Fields Medal". Accounts of this award frequently make reference that at the time of the award Wiles was over the age limit for the Fields medal.^[88] Although Wiles was slightly over the age limit in 1994, he was thought to be a favorite to win the medal; however, a gap (later resolved by Taylor and Wiles) in the proof was found in 1993.^[89][90]

In 2006, Grigori Perelman, who proved the Poincaré conjecture, refused his Fields Medal^[3] and did not attend the congress.^[91]

In 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first woman as well as the first Iranian, Artur Avila the first South American and Manjul Bhargava the first person of Indian origins to win the Fields Medal.

By university affiliation

Fields Medalists by university affiliation at the time of being awarded.^[12][92] See List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation for complete affiliation.

Affiliation	Medal(s)
Princeton University	8
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques	6
Harvard University	5
University of Paris	5
Institute for Advanced Study	5
University of Cambridge	4
University of California, Berkeley	3
Massachusetts Institute of Technology	2
Moscow State University	2
University of Nancy	2
University of Oxford	2
Stanford University	2
University of California, San Diego	2
B Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering	1
CNRS	1
Hebrew University of Jerusalem	1
Institut Henri Poincaré	1
Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada	1
Rutgers University	1
University College London	1
University of California, Los Angeles	1
University of Geneva	1
University of Helsinki	1
Kyoto University	1
University of Pisa	1
University of Stockholm	1
University of Strasbourg	1
University of Warwick	1
University of Tokyo	1
École Normale Supérieure de Lyon	1
None (independent researcher)	1

The medal

The reverse of the Fields Medal

The medal was designed by Canadian sculptor R. Tait McKenzie.^[93]

• On the obverse is Archimedes and a quote attributed to Marcus Manilius which reads in Latin: "Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri" (Rise above oneself and grasp the world). The date is written in Roman numerals and contains an error ("MCNXXXIII" rather than "MCMXXXIII").^[94]
• On the reverse is the inscription (in Latin):

CONGREGATI

EX TOTO ORBE

MATHEMATICI

OB SCRIPTA INSIGNIA

TRIBUERE

Translation: "Mathematicians gathered from the entire world have awarded [understood 'this prize'] for outstanding writings."

In the background, there is the representation of Archimedes' tomb, with the carving illustrating his theorem on the sphere and the cylinder, behind a branch. (This is the mathematical result of which Archimedes was reportedly most proud: Given a sphere and a circumscribed cylinder of the same height and diameter, the ratio between their volumes is equal to ⅔.)

The rim bears the name of the prizewinner.

See also

• List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation
• Abel Prize
• Kyoto Prize
• List of prizes, medals, and awards in mathematics
• List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field
• Prizes named after people
• Nevanlinna Prize
• Rolf Schock Prizes
• Turing Award
• Wolf Prize in Mathematics

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Further reading

• McKinnon Riehm, Elaine; Hoffman, Frances (2011). Turbulent Times in Mathematics: The Life of J.C. Fields and the History of the Fields Medal. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-6914-0.
• Monastyrsky, Michael (1998). Modern Mathematics in the Light of the Fields Medal. Wellesley, MA: A. K. Peters. ISBN 1-56881-083-0.
• Tropp, Henry S. (1976). "The Origins and History of the Fields Medal". Historia Mathematica 3 (2): 167–181. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(76)90033-1..

External links

• Official website