Film/video-based therapy

Film/video-based therapy involves making movies with clients. It draws from several disciplines from cinema therapy, expressive therapy, narrative therapy, art therapy,[1] digital storytelling, and phototherapy[2] which requires a collaboration to integrate the many dynamic aspects of art and medicine. Joshua Lee Cohen, PhD, author and co-editor of Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice (published by Routledge in 2015), helped to establish a collaborative effort in forming film/video-based therapy. This form of therapy is about making films with clients, as opposed to cinema therapy, which involves watching films. Josh Cohen has utilized watching films and mindfulness in his work.[3]

Film/video-based therapy is used in both research and practice. It has several names. Each name has a slightly different purpose for each population.

Therapeutic filmmaking is used for both veterans and therapists and is left intentionally ambiguous, so that the military will not be intimidated by the stigma of a diagnosis.[4] The lack of pressure to call it "therapy" opens up a space to allow for new and old healthy memories to form.[5]

Video remix therapy

Video art therapy is used primarily in private practice with art therapists, drama therapists, and other expressive art therapists.[6]

Digital storytelling is also used in collaboration with film/video-based therapy and is used primarily for education.

Storytelling is an indigenous and ancient way for people to relate to one another and to understand the mysteries of life. Using modern technology, artists have used film and video for expressing ancient and modern images and sounds.[7] [8] [9][10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56]

Film/video-based therapy is a collaboration between clinicians and practitioners in art therapy, expressive therapy, phototherapy, psychotherapy, digital storytelling and other mental health and academic fields of study and practice. Currently art therapists, expressive therapists, psychologists, masters level practitioners, psychiatrists, anthropologists, filmmakers, academics, and other clinicians have contributed to this collaborative effort in building a global community to help further define this field. The use of film and video in, or as, therapy, has a decades-long history in practice. Early work in this field included the post-World War II use of experimental, non-narrative films to calm veterans suffering from shell shock. The 1970s saw boys in a group creating short films together to foster group cohesion, mastery skills, and better communication. With the advent of portable video equipment in the 1970s, female artists began turning the camera on themselves, making themselves the object of their own gaze.

There is a dearth of literature on the theory and practice of using film/video production as therapy and the multidisciplinary practitioners who support its use. Copious literature exists discussing the use of related media in a therapeutic context, such as photography, writing, drawing, music, and drama, but this body of literature is virtually vacant of film/video as a therapeutic medium.

Despite the fact that there is little writing in this area, numerous practitioners from around North America and Europe are quietly working with Film/video-based therapy – often independently, as the community of practitioners is still quite small and geographically scattered.

This is an attempt to bridge that gap and bring people together as a global community and new research and practices are emerging. Cohen will be the program chair for the American Psychological Association's Division 31 and 46 in Washington DC in 2017 where authors are welcome to attend this conference from around the world.

Bipolar disorder

Film/video-based therapy is also being used with virtual reality and specifically designed to treat bipolar disorder through somatic techniques which is different from the cognitive/exposure therapy being used today.[57][58] Medications and therapy may be necessary to use before one can take on triggers that could overwhelm the nervous system. If one is in a manic state and exposed to triggers before regulated, one could be re traumatized and put into a psychosis. To gain mastery of this skill, one would need to have a healthy environment in the real world before entering a virtual one.

Trauma

One theory as to why film/video-based therapy works with trauma, may be due to the reprocessing that happens during the final moments of editing, similar to EMDR. In the moment of making a film, one can use somatic experiencing which was designed to regulate the autonomic nervous system.[59] Telling one's story can help to reprocess old memories while avoiding triggers or reprocessing them in a new way using the technology. There is some research in this area yet, but it is still in development.

Culture

Film/video-based therapy is also about building a therapeutic relationship with a person and a wider support group or community.[60] When dealing with any technology, whether virtual reality[57] or digital storytelling,[61] the theory remains the same, film/video-based therapy is about using technology for human purposes and building relationships to others and nature. Technology is just the language for understanding, appreciating, and honoring our nature.[62]

References

  1. ↑ https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/arts-and-health/201304/defining-art-therapy-in-the-21st-century
  2. ↑ http://phototherapy-centre.com/related-techniques/
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/military/article40517652.html
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ Jamerson JL (2013). "Expressive remix therapy: using digital media art in therapeutic group sessions children and adolescents". Creat Nurs. 19 (4): 182–8. PMID 24494383.
  7. ↑ Alders, A., Beck, L., Allen, P. B., & Mosinski, B. B. (2011): Technology in art therapy: Ethical challenges. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 28(4), 165-170. doi.org/10.1080/07421656.2011.622683 Retrieved July 30th, 2015, from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07421656.2011.622683#.Vbn7pJNViko.
  8. ↑ Anderson, K. & Wallace, B. (2015) Digital Storytelling as a Trauma Narrative Intervention for Children Exposed to Domestic Violence In J. Cohen., J.L. Johnson., & P. Orr. (Eds), Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge.Retrieved July 30th, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=film/video-based%20therapy%20%20and%20ethics
  9. ↑ Arauzo, A. C., Watson, M., & Hulgas, J. (1994). The clinical uses of video therapy in the treatment of childhood sexual trauma survivors. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 3(4), 37-57.Retrieved July 30th, 2015, from https://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/1_3Final/html/rosenstein.html
  10. ↑ Austin, B. (2009). Renewing the debate: Digital technology in art therapy and the creative process. Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 26(2), 83-85. doi:10.1080/07421656.2009.10129745
  11. ↑ Austin, B. (2010). Technology, art therapy, and psychodynamic theory: Computer animation with an adolescent in foster care. In C. H. Moon (Ed.), Materials and media in art therapy (pp. 199-213). New York, NY: Routledge. Retrieved July 30th, 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=x6mLAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA199&dq=%22Technology,+art+therapy,+and+psychodynamic+theory:+Computer+animation+with+an+adolescent+in+foster+care%22&ots=-C1cPGkcQM&sig=nnHjKqAMV7iTsYfZXJ4AzwfamJI#v=onepage&q=%22Technology%2C%20art%20therapy%2C%20and%20psychodynamic%20theory%3A%20Computer%20animation%20with%20an%20adolescent%20in%20foster%20care%22&f=false
  12. ↑ Berg-Cross, L., Jennings, P., & Baruch, R. (1990). Cinematherapy: Theory and application. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 8(1), 135-156. doi:10.1300 /J294v08n01_15 Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J294v08n01_15#.Vbn-eJNViko
  13. ↑ Brawner, B., & Emunah, R. (1992). Caring for the inner one: Self expression and self acceptance in drama therapy [Video recording]. San Francisco, CA: California Institute for Integral Studies. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?id=zvfyaVLHezsC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=%22Caring+for+the+inner+one:+Self+expression+and+self+acceptance+in+drama+therapy%22&source=bl&ots=a__56DNgC5&sig=2PVd1ETQBa4u065iznrfEgLUcN8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAWoVChMIk9HJ7dSCxwIVhy6ICh3Q1wbR#v=onepage&q=%22Caring%20for%20the%20inner%20one%3A%20Self%20expression%20and%20self%20acceptance%20in%20drama%20therapy%22&f=false
  14. ↑ Brawner, B. (1993). The therapeutic use of video in the treatment of adolescents (Unpublished master’s thesis). California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.filmandvideobasedtherapy.com/publications/
  15. ↑ Carlton, N.. Expansive Palletes. (2015). In J. Cohen., J.L. Johnson., & P. Orr. (Eds), Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JVOhBgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA69&dq=Expansive+Palettes&ots=nMBj_zt6a2&sig=yhVS0UtJf7BBQCxjPQ4g1_voxrQ#v=onepage&q=Expansive%20Palettes&f=false
  16. ↑ Chin, R. J., Chin, M. M., Palombo, P., Palombo, C., Bannasch, G., & Cross, P. M. (1980). Project Reachout: Building social skills through art and video. Arts in Psychotherapy, 7(4), 281-284. doi:10.1016/0197-4556(80)90007-6 Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?id=NGwwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT80&lpg=PT80&dq=Building+social+skills+through+art+and+video.+Arts+in+Psychotherapy&source=bl&ots=oLp2F_fGgu&sig=SX6pYJyMTLU-q92KXAF5KpniDYw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwA2oVChMI2LDu3dWCxwIVl5yICh2RawjQ#v=onepage&q=Building%20social%20skills%20through%20art%20and%20video.%20Arts%20in%20Psychotherapy&f=false
  17. ↑ Christie, M., & McGrath, M. (1987). Taking up the challenge: Film as a therapeutic metaphor and action ritual. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 8(4), 193-199.Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1467-8438.1987.tb01230.x/abstract
  18. ↑ Christie, M., & McGrath, M. (1989). Man who catch fly with chopstick accomplish anything: Film in therapy: The sequel. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 10, 145-150. Retrieved July 30, 2015 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1467-8438.1989.tb00758.x/abstract
  19. ↑ Cohen, J. (1998). Catharsis: A video seminar [Video]. Retrieved from https://tiger.coloradocollege.edu/search~S5/?searchtype=X&searcharg=catharsis&searchscope=5&sortdropdown=-&SORT=DZ&extended=0&SUBMIT=Search&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=Xcatharsis
  20. ↑ Cohen, J. (2000). Catharsis: Film-healing: Collaborative art-therapy. Retrieved June 25th, 2015 from http://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=Catharsis%3A+Film-healing%3A+Collaborative+art-therapy&Search_Code=TALL&PID=NziJkd0nUD9EGOE6XGCOwOfhBaaX&SEQ=20150625174017&CNT=25&HIST=1
  21. ↑ Cohen, J. (2007). The use of video therapy to treat depression in adolescent males (Unpublished masters’ thesis). Walden University, Minneapolis, MN. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.filmandvideobasedtherapy.com/publications/
  22. ↑ Cohen, J. (2013). Film and soul: A theoretical exploration of the use of video and other film-based therapy to help transform identity in therapeutic practice (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3551606) Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books/about/Film_and_Soul.html?id=VBEwmwEACAAJ
  23. ↑ Cohen, J. & Orr, P. (2015) Film/Video-Based Therapy and Editing as Process from a Depth Psychological Perspective. In Cohen J,L, Johnson, J.., & Orr. P (Eds), (2015) Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=film/video-based%20therapy%20%20and%20ethics
  24. ↑ J. Cohen, L. Johnson, & P. Orr (Eds.), Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and practice. New York,, NY: Routledge:Taylor and Francis. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=film/video-based%20therapy%20%20and%20ethics
  25. ↑ Dequine, E. R., & Pearson-Davis, S. (1983). Videotaped improvisational drama with emotionally disturbed adolescents: A pilot study. Arts in Psychotherapy, 10(1), 15-21. doi:10.1016 /0197-4556(83)90014-X Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/019745568390014X
  26. ↑ Ehinger, J. (2009). Exploring dreamspace through video art with at-risk youth (Unpublished master’s thesis). Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.filmandvideobasedtherapy.com/publications/
  27. ↑ Ehinger, J. (2015). Filming the Fantasy: Green Screen Technology from Novelty to Psychotherapy. In Cohen J,L, , Johnson, J.., & Orr. P (Eds), (2015) Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/101641447
  28. ↑ Emunah, R. (1997). Drama therapy and psychodrama: An integrated model. International Journal of Action Methods: Psychodrama, Skill Training, and Role Playing, 50, 108-134. retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://search.proquest.com/openview/309ba8de50af604b2aecb10f891a134b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar
  29. ↑ Fredericksen, D. (2001). Jung/Sign/symbol/film. In C. Hauke & I. Alister (Eds.), Jung and film: Post Jungian takes on the moving image (pp.17-51). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?id=plKUOM1c8qEC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=Jung+and+film:+Post+Jungian+takes+on+the+moving+image&source=bl&ots=U_TybWgP4w&sig=hXUgFBd2bRTbPFNLvfvVJTpt_KY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBGoVChMI0Kft4diCxwIVAyyICh2irgdl#v=onepage&q=Jung%20and%20film%3A%20Post%20Jungian%20takes%20on%20the%20moving%20image&f=false
  30. ↑ Fredericksen, D. (2005). Why should we take Jungian film studies seriously? Spring 73, 31-40. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?id=s9J6SGrHz9sC&pg=PR15&lpg=PR15&dq=Why+should+we+take+Jungian+film+studies+seriously&source=bl&ots=AtnwD5lnWH&sig=_2TaVStVMoK_4JTKW6AXrtGoKkQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAWoVChMI69zC_tiCxwIVx1OICh0yZw6b#v=onepage&q=Why%20should%20we%20take%20Jungian%20film%20studies%20seriously&f=false
  31. ↑ Furman, L. (1990). Video therapy: An alternative for the treatment of adolescents. Arts in Psychotherapy, 17, 165-169. doi:10.1016/0197-4556(90)90027-N Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/019745569090027N
  32. ↑ Fryrear, J. (1981). Videotherapy in mental health. Springfield, Ill.: C.C. Thomas. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?id=OVDYCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=Fryrear+%26+B.+Fleshman,+(Eds).+Video+Therapy+in+Mental+Health.+Springfield,+IL:+Charles+C.+Thomas.&source=bl&ots=r1dn4V47R4&sig=Z8rJE4cjqqQM2t9e6v_avP2Z0sU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAGoVChMI6--Q2dqCxwIVR5SICh0mpAD4#v=onepage&q=Fryrear%20%26%20B.%20Fleshman%2C%20(Eds).%20Video%20Therapy%20in%20Mental%20Health.%20Springfield%2C%20IL%3A%20Charles%20C.%20Thomas.&f=false
  33. ↑ Gardano, A. (1994). Creative video therapy with early adolescent girls in short-term treatment. Journal of Child and Adolescent Group Therapy, 4(2), 99-116. doi:10.1007/BF02548483 Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02548483
  34. ↑ Heilveil, I. (1983). Video in mental health practice: An activities handbook. New York: Springer Pub. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books/about/Video_in_Mental_Health_Practice.html?id=IqcOAAAAQAAJ
  35. ↑ Johnson, J.L., & Alderson, K.G. (2008). Therapeutic filmmaking: An exploratory pilot study. Arts in Psychotherapy, 35(1), 11-19. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197455607000718
  36. ↑ Johnson, L. (2015) Vision, Story, Medicine: Therapeutic Filmmaking and First Nations Communities In Cohen J,L, , Johnson, J.., & Orr. P (Eds), (2015) Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/101641447
  37. ↑ Johnson, J.L, & Cohen, J. (2015). Ethics in the Digital Age: Addressing The Challenges of Film/Video Based Therapy. In Cohen J,L, , Johnson, J.., & Orr. P (Eds), (2015) Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge.Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://samples.sainsburysebooks.co.uk/9781317670667_sample_951962.pdf
  38. ↑ Kavitski, J. (2015) Expanding the Scope of Traditional Art Therapy with Green Screen Technology In Cohen J,L, Johnson, J.., & Orr. P (Eds), (2015) Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/101641447
  39. ↑ Kerem, Y. (2015) Video Art Therapy In Cohen J,L, Johnson, J.., & Orr. P (Eds), (2015) Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=video+and+filmmaking+as+psychotherapy
  40. ↑ Lambert, J. (2012). Digital storytelling: Capturing lives, creating community (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6_2yxOSn1xYC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=routledge+lambert&ots=pAZf2WZGBY&sig=JeZVxHsVhGUKhUlHuSN3Xoyw-04#v=onepage&q=routledge%20lambert&f=false
  41. ↑ Landy, R. J. (1994). Drama therapy: Concepts, theories, and practices. Springfield, IL: Thomas.Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?id=xbNHAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
  42. ↑ Malchiodi, C. (2005). Expressive therapies. New York: Guilford Press. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=g_k2AgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=expressive+therapy+malchiodi&ots=SYuIIII8ii&sig=O0X3pCrPcaQOWRXB4zFPHyd1peQ#v=onepage&q=expressive%20therapy%20malchiodi&f=false
  43. ↑ Manghi, D. (1989). Il diavolo nello specchio: esperienze con il video in psichiatria. Istituto neuropsichiatrico di S. Lazaro.Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.francoangeli.it/Ricerca/Scheda_libro.aspx?CodiceLibro=1168.1.37
  44. ↑ McGurl, C., Seegobin, W. Hamilton, E. , McMinn, M. (2015). The Benefits of a Grief and Loss Program with a Unique Technological Intervention.(to be published) In Cohen J,L, Johnson, J.., & Orr. P (Eds), (2015) Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=video+and+filmmaking+as+psychotherapy
  45. ↑ Mcniff, S., & Cook, C. (n.d.). Video art therapy. Art Psychotherapy, 55-63. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0090909275900277?np=y
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  47. ↑ Murch, W. (2001). In the blink of an eye (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Viking Retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=in+the+blink+of+an+eye+murch&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5
  48. ↑ Otanez, M. , Lakota, W. (2015). Digital storytelling: using videos to increase social wellness. In Cohen J,L, , Johnson, J.., & Orr. P (Eds), (2015) Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge.retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=video+and+filmmaking+as+psychotherapy
  49. ↑ O’Rourke, R. (2001). Anya’s movies. Afterimage, 3, 9. Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/5534606/anyas-movies
  50. ↑ Orr, P. (2010). Social remixing: Art therapy media in the digital age. In C. H. Moon (Ed.), Materials and media in art therapy (pp. 89-100). New York, NY: Routledge. retrieved July 30th 2015 from https://books.google.com/books?id=x6mLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=Social+remixing:+Art+therapy+media+in+the+digital+age&source=bl&ots=-C1cOIhbRT&sig=906AeBs3PMzV4bJcYKrybAMmYPE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAGoVChMIquPx1eCCxwIVDTaICh2B6gnA#v=onepage&q=Social%20remixing%3A%20Art%20therapy%20media%20in%20the%20digital%20age&f=false
  51. ↑ Orr, P. (2015). Special Education Students and Documentary Production: A Case Study. In Cohen J,L, , Johnson, J.., & Orr. P (Eds), (2015) Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge. retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=video+and+filmmaking+as+psychotherapy
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  53. ↑ Rodriguez Perez, N. (2013). Revistas Científicas ComplutensesArteterapia. Papeles de arteterapia y educación artística para la inclusión social. Retrieved July 30, 2015 from http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ARTE/article/view/44439
  54. ↑ Rossi_videotherapy Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.zvitoren.com/files/Rossi_videotherapy_meetingself_english.pdf
  55. ↑ Tuval-Mashiach, R.& Patton, B. (2015) Digital Video Production: Healing for the YouTube Generation of Veterans In Cohen J,L, , Johnson, J.., & Orr. P (Eds), (2015) Video and Filmmaking as Psychotherapy: Research and Practice. New York: Routledge.Retrieved July 30th 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/?term=Healing+for+the+YouTube+Generation+of+Veterans
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