Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment

Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment (Finnish: Laatokan laivasto-osasto) was a Finnish naval unit stationed on Lake Ladoga between 1920-1940 and 1941-1944.

Background

The Treaty of Tartu was signed by the Russians and the Finns in 1920. It included terms which limited the size of naval vessels on Ladoga to 100 tons, and the calibre of their armament to a maximum of 47 mm. When the Finns embarked on their naval rebuilding program in the early 1930s, some vessels were purposely designed to fit this 100 t limitation, including a small submarine. The Finns, however, found more use for their few vessels in the Baltic Sea, and therefore had only a few small patrol boats on the lake. As the clouds of war began to draw closer the Finns had to improvise.

Winter War

The Winter War began on 30 November 1939 when the Soviet Union attacked Finland, nullifying the Treaty of Tartu. The Finns hastily gathered a small flotilla, consisting of the icebreaker Aallokas, the improvised gunboats Aunus, Vulcan and Tarmo, as well as Hercules, Kiviniemi, Yrjö, Voima, S I, N K af Klecker and a number of transport vessels to protect its sea front and islands. The largest ship among this group was the icebreaker Aallokas, whose commander Captain-Lieutenant Asikainen also commanded the gunboats. There were no major naval battles in the open waters of Lake Ladoga during 1939 - 1940, so the fleet units were tasked with fire support against the attacking Red Army, and spreading mines along the coastal areas. By January 1940 the ice became so thick that only Aallokas could be used, and she was damaged in an attack by Soviet aircraft on February 2. After the peace on March 13 the Finnish vessels had to be left at Ladoga, which had become a Soviet lake. Some of the vessels were later integrated in the Soviet Ladoga flotilla.

Vessels

Listing (not necessarily exhaustive) of wartime vessels and their armament^[1][2]

Name	Type	Role	Built	Size	Armament
Aallokas	Icebreaker	Gunboat	1936	300 tons	2 x 75 mm guns
Tarmo (formerly: Syd)	Requisitioned Tug	Gunboat	1911	89 tons	1 x 75 mm gun
Vulcan	Requisitioned Tug	Gunboat	1901	75 tons	1 x 75 mm gun
Aunus	Tug (captured 1919)	Gunboat	~ 1900	95 tons	2 x 47 mm guns 20 mines
Vapaus	Requisitioned Tug	Gunboat	1913	89 tons	2 x 47 mm guns
Yrjö	Transport	Minelayer	~ 1910	90 tons	1 x 47 mm gun 40 mines
Voima (formerly Orion)	Requisitioned Tug	Minelayer	1895	66 tons	1 x 47 mm gun mines
S I	Motor boat	Minesweeper	?	27 tons	1 x 47 mm gun
N.K. af Klercker	Motor boat	Minesweeper	?	29 tons	1 x 47 mm gun

Continuation War

When Finnish forces in the Continuation War reached lake Ladoga in 1941, they found the Soviets had evacuated nearly every serviceable vessel to the southern shore of the lake. On 22 September 1941 the Finns captured a Soviet transport vessel (formerly Latvian coastal transport Ilga) which was pressed into service as the transport vessel Aunus. Other vessels available were small armed fishing boats, like 15 ton Kukkapää.^[3]

Initial Finnish naval assets however consisted of small motor boats which had been small enough to be transported from Finland overland. These were used already on 16-17 August 1941 to mount a landing operation on Markatsiman (ru: Ostrov Markatsiman-Sari) island which was lightly defended and fell quickly. Next notable action was the Finnish landing operation on the Rahmansaari island on 7-10 September. While the initial landing operation was successful the strong Soviet naval response and Soviet reinforcements which managed to reach the island prolonged the operation. Finnish artillery managed to prevent further Soviet naval support to the land forces which led to surrender of the remaining 130 Soviet soldiers on 10 September. Finns had intended to mount further landing operations to secure the island of Valamo but Soviets withdrew from there as well as from most of the other island on the lake voluntarily. Finnish forces took control of the island of Valamo on 20 September and island of Konevitsa on 25 September.^[4]

Since Soviet forces remained inactive on lake Ladoga for the rest of the 1941 Finnish naval forces concentrated on security and transport duties. After Finns had captured maps of the Soviet naval minefields on the lake several boats were detailed for minesweeping duties which however yielded no results nor losses. In the spring 1942 Finnish commander made recommendations to German leadership past Finnish HQs leading to the formation of Naval Detachment K, which included the Finnish motor torpedo boat Sisu, to the lake. They were also joined in summer 1942 by a German unit, the Einsatzstab Fähre Ost (EFO), of armed Siebel ferries. Operations of the Naval Detachment K or EFO had very limited success.^[4]

When Germany decided to withdraw its naval assets from Ladoga in late 1942, the Finns bought two of the Siebel ferries, T-2 and T-17. Later, when the Soviets' 1944 offensive against the Finns began, Germany transferred four MAL-type ferries - M-31, M-32, M-33 and M-34 - originally intended for use on Lake Peipus, to the Finns on Ladoga.^[5] The Finnish Navy also transferred several small run-down naval vessels to the lake, the motor torpedo boats Syöksy, and Vinha, which were no longer in adequate condition to carry torpedoes.

Lake remained mostly quiet until Soviet offensive of 1944 started. While Finnish naval forces on the lake remained passive during the Soviet landings at Tuloksa on 23 June they did play key role in facilitating the Finnish evacuations from the eastern shore of the lake Ladoga. After the evacuations the light naval assets successfully protected the flank of the land front and repulsed Soviet attempts to penetrate to the northern part of the lake Ladoga until mid July when Soviet naval activity on the lake started to decrease. Majority of the ships and boats used by the Finns were evacuated overland to Finland after the Moscow Armistice.^[4]

Vessels

Listing (not necessarily exhaustive) of wartime vessels and their armament^[1][2]

Name	Type	Role	In Finnish use	Built	Size	Armament
Aunus (formerly: Ilga)	Transport (captured 1941)	Transport	1941-1944	~ 1925	211 tons	1 x 47 mm gun 2 x 20 mm guns
Kukkapää	Fishing boat	Patrol boat	1941-1944	~ 1930	15 tons	1 x 47 mm gun
T-class ferry (Siebel ferry) T-2 T-17	Gunferry	Gunferry	1942-1944	~ 1940	143 tons	2 x 102 mm guns 2 x 20 mm guns
M-class ferry (MAL-ferry) M-31 M-32 M-33 M-34	Gunferry	Gunferry	1944	~ 1941	180 tons	2 x 88 mm guns 1 x 37 mm gun 1 x 20 mm gun depth charges
I-boat (Infanterie-boat) VMV 101 VMV 102 VMV 103 VMV 104	Infantry boat	Patrol boat	1942-1944	?	10 tons	1 x 57 mm gun 1 x 20 mm gun
Sisu	Motor torpedo boat	Patrol boat	1942-1944	1916	13 tons	1 x machine gun
Syöksy-class Syöksy Vinha Nuoli	Motor torpedo boat	Patrol boat	1944	1928	13 tons	1 x 20 mm gun 3 mines

References

1. Kijanen, Kalervo (1968). Suomen Laivasto 1918–1968 II [Finnish Navy 1918–1968, part II]. Helsinki: Meriupseeriyhdistys/Otava.
2. Auvinen, Visa (1983). Leijonalippu merellä [Lion flag at sea] (in Finnish). Pori, Finland: Satakunnan Kirjapaino Oy. ISBN 951-95781-1-0.
3. Auvinen, Visa (1983). Leijonalippu merellä [Lion flag at sea] (in Finnish). Pori, Finland: Satakunnan Kirjapaino Oy. pp. 94–95. ISBN 951-95781-1-0.
4. Kijanen, Kalervo (1968). Suomen Laivasto 1918–1968 II. Helsinki: Meriupseeriyhdistys/Otava. pp. 185–197.
5. Auvinen, Visa (1983). Leijonalippu merellä [Lion flag at sea] (in Finnish). Pori, Finland: Satakunnan Kirjapaino Oy. p. 90. ISBN 951-95781-1-0.