Fire alarm system
A fire alarm system is number of devices working together to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated from smoke detectors, and heat detectors. Alarms can be either motorised bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which usually state in the lines of "Attention, Attention. A fire emergency has been reported. Please leave the building via the nearest exit. DO NOT use elevators!" They may also be activated via Manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and different tones including low, medium and high depending on the country and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems in Europe sound like a siren with alternating frequencies. Fire alarm sounders in the United States can be either continuous or set to different codes such as Code 3. Fire alarm warning devices can also be set to different volume levels. Smaller buildings may have the alarm set to a lower volume and larger buildings may have alarms set to a higher level.
Design
After the fire protection goals are established – usually by referencing the minimum levels of protection mandated by the appropriate model building code, insurance agencies, and other authorities – the fire alarm designer undertakes to detail specific components, arrangements, and interfaces necessary to accomplish these goals. Equipment specifically manufactured for these purposes is selected and standardized installation methods are anticipated during the design. In the United States, NFPA 72, The National Fire Alarm Code is an established and widely used installation standard. In Canada the ULC is the standard for the fire system. The equivalent standard in the United Kingdom is BS 5839 Part 1.
EN 54 is a mandatory standard for Fire detection and fire alarm systems in the European Union, aiming to establish harmonised technical standards against which products in the field should be benchmarked and certified by a qualified testing house known as a Notified Body. Every product for fire alarm systems must achieve the standards laid out in EN 54 in order to properly carry a CE mark, which is in turn required if the product is be delivered and installed in any country of the EU. It is a standard widely used around the world.[1]
Parts
- Fire alarm control panel (FACP) AKA fire alarm control unit (FACU); This component, the hub of the system, monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs and relays information.
- Primary power supply: Commonly the non-switched 120 or 240 volt alternating current source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. "Dedicated branch circuits" should not be confused with "Individual branch circuits" which supply energy to a single appliance.
- Secondary (backup) power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealed lead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to supply energy in the event of a primary power failure.
- Initiating devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and are either manually or automatically activated. Examples would be devices pull stations, heat detectors, or smoke detectors. Heat and smoke detectors have different categories of both kinds. Some categories are beam, photoelectrical, aspiration, and duct.
- Notification appliances: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm system or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to take action, usually to evacuate. This is done by means of a flashing light, strobe light, electromechanical horn, "beeper horn", chime, bell, speaker, or a combination of these devices. The System Sensor Spectralert Advance Horn makes a beeping sound and electromechanical sound together. Strobes are either made of a xenon tube (most common), or now LED lights.
- Building safety interfaces: This interface allows the fire alarm system to control aspects of the built environment and to prepare the building for fire, and to control the spread of smoke fumes and fire by influencing air movement, lighting, process control, human transport and exit.
Initiating devices
- Manually actuated devices; also known as fire alarm boxes, manual pull stations, or simply pull stations, Break glass stations, call points or Buttons. Devices for manual fire alarm activation, are installed to be readily located (near the exits), identified, and operated.
- Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended to respond to any number of detectable physical changes associated with fire: convected thermal energy; heat detector, products of combustion; smoke detector, radiant energy; flame detector, combustion gasses; fire gas detector, and release of extinguishing agents; water-flow detector. The newest innovations can use cameras and computer algorithms to analyze the visible effects of fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection methods.[2]
Notification appliances
- Notification Appliances utilize audible, visible, tactile, textual or even olfactory stimuli (odorizer)[3][4] to alert the occupants of the need to evacuate or take action in the event of fire or other emergency. Evacuation signals may consist of simple appliances that transmit uncoded information, coded appliances that transmit a predetermined pattern, and or appliances that transmit audible and visible textual information such as live or pre-recorded instructions, and illuminated message displays.
- In the United States, fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a standardized audible tone, with visual notification in all public and common use areas. Emergency signals are intended to be distinct and understandable to avoid confusion with other signals.
Temporal Code 3 is the most common audible in a modern system. It consists of a repeated 3-pulse cycle (.5s on .5s off .5s on .5s off .5s on 1.5s off). Voice Evacuation is the second most common audible in a modern system. Continuous is not common in a new building or old building with modern system, but is found in lots of schools and older buildings. Other methods include:
- Audible textual appliances, which are employed as part of a Fire Alarm system that includes Emergency Voice Alarm Communications (EVAC) capabilities. High reliability speakers are used to notify the occupants of the need for action in connection with a fire or other emergency. These speakers are employed in large facilities where general undirected evacuation is considered impracticable or undesirable. The signals from the speakers are used to direct the occupant's response. The system may be controlled from one or more locations within the building known as Fire Wardens Stations, or from a single location designated as the building Fire Command Center. Speakers are automatically actuated by the fire alarm system in a fire event, and following a pre-alert tone, selected groups of speakers may transmit one or more prerecorded messages directing the occupants to safety. These messages may be repeated in one or more languages. Trained personnel activating and speaking into a dedicated microphone can suppress the replay of automated messages in order to initiate or relay real time voice instructions.[5]
Emergency voice alarm communication systems
- Some fire alarm systems utilize emergency voice alarm communication systems (EVACS) [6] to provide pre-recorded and manual voice messages. Voice Alarm systems are typically used in high-rise buildings, arenas and other large "defend-in-place" occupancies such as Hospitals and Detention facilities where total evacuation is difficult to achieve.
- Voice-based systems provide response personnel with the ability to conduct orderly evacuation and notify building occupants of changing event circumstances.
- In high rise buildings, different evacuation messages may be played to each floor, depending on the location of the fire. The floor the fire is on along with ones above it may be told to evacuate while floors much lower may simply be asked to stand by.
Mass notification systems/emergency communication systems
- New codes and standards introduced around 2010 especially the new UL Standard 2572, the U.S. Department of Defense's UFC 4-021-01 Design and O&M Mass Notification Systems, and NFPA 72 2010 edition Chapter 24 have led Fire Alarm System Manufacturers to expand their systems voice evacuation capabilities to support new requirements for mass notification including support for multiple types of emergency messaging (i.e. inclement weather emergency, security alerts, amber alerts). The major requirements of a mass notification system are to provide prioritized messaging according to the local facilities emergency response plan. The emergency response team must define the priority of potential emergency events at site and the fire alarm system must be able to support the promotion and demotion of notifications based on this emergency response plan. Emergency Communication System's also have requirements for visible notification in coordination with any audible notification activities to meet requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Recently many manufacturer's have made efforts to certify their equipment to meet these new and emerging standards. Mass Notification System Categories include the following:
- Tier 1 Systems are In-Building and provide the highest level of survivability
- Tier 2 Systems are Out of the Building and provide the middle level of survivability
- Tier 3 Systems are "At Your Side" and provide the lowest level of survivability
Mass notification systems often extend the notification appliances of a standard fire alarm system to include PC based workstations, text based digital signage, and a variety of remote notification options including email, text message, rss feed, or IVR based telephone text-to-speech messaging.
Building safety interfaces
- Magnetic Smoke Door Holders: Wall or floor mounted solenoids or electromagnets controlled by a fire alarm system or detection component that magnetically secures spring-loaded self-closing smoke tight doors in the open position. Designed to de-magnetize to allow automatic closure of the door on command from the fire control or upon failure of the power source, interconnection or controlling element. Stored energy in the form of a spring or gravity can then close the door to restrict the passage of smoke from one space to another in an effort to maintain a tenable atmosphere on either side of the door during evacuation and fire fighting efforts in buildings.
- Duct Mounted Smoke Detection: Smoke detection mounted in such a manner as to sample the airflow through duct work and other plenums specifically fabricated for the transport of environmental air into conditioned spaces. Interconnection to the fan motor control circuits are intended to stop air movement, close dampers and generally prevent the recirculation of toxic smoke and fumes produced by fire into occupiable spaces.
- Emergency Elevator Service: Activation of automatic initiating devices associated with elevator operation are used to initiate emergency elevator functions, such as recall of associated elevator cab(s). Recall will cause the elevator cabs to return to the ground level for use by fire service response teams and to ensure that cabs do not return to the floor of fire incidence. Phases of operation include primary recall (typically the ground level), alternate/secondary recall (typically a floor adjacent to the ground level – used when the initiation occurred on the primary level), illumination of the 'fire hat' indicator when an alarm occurs in the elevator hoistway or associated control room, and in some cases shunt trip (disconnect) of elevator power (generally used where the control room or hoistway is protected by fire sprinklers).
- Public Address Rack (PAR): An Audio public address rack shall be interfaced with fire alarm system, by adding signaling control relay module to either rack power supply unit, or to main amplifier driving this rack. the purpose is to "mute" the BGM(background music) of this rack in case of emeregency in case of fire initiating true alarm.
UK fire alarm system categories
Fire alarm systems in non-domestic premises are generally designed and installed in accordance with the guidance given in BS 5839 Part 1.There are many types of fire alarm systems each suited to different building types and applications. A fire alarm system can vary dramatically in both price and complexity, from a single panel with a detector and sounder in a small commercial property to an addressable fire alarm system in a multi-occupancy building.
BS 5839 Part 1 categorises fire alarm systems as:[7]
- "M" manual system (no automatic fire detectors so the building is fitted with call points and sounders),
- "L" Automatic Systems intended for the protection of life, and
- "P" Automatic Systems intended for the protection of property.
Categories for automatic systems are further subdivided into L1 to L5, and P1 to P2.
| M | Manual systems, e.g. hand bells, gongs, etc. These may be purely manual or manual electric, the latter may have call points and sounders. They rely on the occupants of the building discovering the fire and acting to warn others by operating the system. Such systems form the basic requirement for places of employment with no sleeping risk. |
|---|---|
| P1 | The system is installed throughout the building – the objective being to call the fire brigade as early as possible to ensure that any damage caused by fire is minimized. Small low risk areas can be excepted, such as toilets and cupboards less than 1m². |
| P2 | Detection should be provided in parts of the building where the risk of ignition is high and/or the contents are particularly valuable. Category 2 systems provide fire detection in specified parts of the building where there is either high risk or where business disruption must be minimised. |
| L1 | A category L1 system is designed for the protection of life and which has automatic detectors installed throughout all areas of the building (including roof spaces and voids) with the aim of providing the earliest possible warning. A category L1 system is likely to be appropriate for the majority of residential care premises. In practice, detectors should be placed in nearly all spaces and voids. With category 1 systems, the whole of a building is covered apart from minor exceptions. |
| L2 | A category L2 system designed for the protection of life and which has automatic detectors installed in escape routes, rooms adjoining escape routes and high hazard rooms. In a medium-sized premises (sleeping no more than ten residents), a category L2 system is ideal. These fire alarm systems are identical to an L3 system but with additional detection in an area where there is a high chance of ignition, e.g., kitchen) or where the risk to people is particularly increased (e.g., sleeping risk). |
| L3 | This category is designed to give early warning to everyone. Detectors should be placed in all escape routes and all rooms that open onto escape routes. Category 3 systems provide more extensive cover than category 4. The objective is to warn the occupants of the building early enough to ensure that all are able to exit the building before escape routes become impassable. |
| L4 | Category 4 systems cover escape routes and circulation areas only. Therefore, detectors will be placed in escape routes, although this may not be suitable depending on the risk assessment or if the size and complexity of a building is increased. Detectors might be sited in other areas of the building, but the objective is to protect the escape route. |
| L5 | This is the "all other situations" category, e.g., computer rooms, which may be protected with an extinguishing system triggered by automatic detection. Category 5 systems are the "custom" category and relate to some special requirement that cannot be covered by any other category. |
Zoning
An important consideration when designing fire alarms is that of individual zones. The following recommendations are found in BS 5839 Part 1:
- A single zone should not exceed 2,000m² in floor space.
- Where addressable systems are in place, two faults should not remove protection from an area greater than 10,000m².
- A building may be viewed as a single zone if the floor space is less than 300m².
- Where the floor space exceeds 300m² then all zones should be restricted to a single floor level.
- Stairwells, lift shafts or other vertical shafts (non stop risers) within a single fire compartment should be considered as one or more separate zones.
- The maximum distance traveled within a zone to locate the fire should not exceed 60m.
Fault, Assistance Guide & Troubleshooting
Earth Ground-Fault (as related to the life safety industry)
SIEMENS
A ground fault detected on a fire panel means that there is another reference to ground coming into the system other than the system ground. This is usually caused by a wire making electrical contact with something it shouldn't (such as conduit). A possible cause of a Ground Fault is when there is less than 1 megohm from Earth Ground to Circuit (such as a communications wiring line is shorted to ground). The desire results is to have more than 1 megohm of resistance from Earth Ground to Communications Wiring Circuit.[8]
Examples of what can cause a ground fault:
- Moisture, condensation or water in a back junction box
- Water in an underground conduit
- Wire "grounding out" to conduit.
- Ground on a phone line.
Honeywell FireLITE
Honeywell FireLITE instructions say that the best way to troubleshoot a ground fault would be to remove all field wiring from the panel, along with any option modules, phone lines and batteries, leaving only AC connected to the panel. The ground fault detection on the panel is immediate, so any ground coming in from the bell circuits, zone wiring, annunciators, or communicators will disappear once the wiring is disconnected. That will allow you to track the circuit bringing in the ground fault. Then you can check that particular circuit to see where the fault is coming from. If everything is off the panel except AC, and the ground fault is still present, the panel is possibly damaged.[9]
TYCO Simplex
The Simplex Fault & Assistance Guide has a section about Earth Ground Fault Detecting and Locating.,[10][11]
LifeSafety Power, Inc.
LifeSafety Power, Inc. has a Troubleshooting Earth Ground Faults APPLICATION NOTE AN-32 that lists causes and recommended trouble shooting steps. An Earth Ground Fault detection circuit alerts the user that earth ground is connected to either a positive voltage or DC common in the system, either as a direct short or through a resistance. An earth ground fault, as related to the life safety industry, does not indicate a missing or inadequate earth ground connection to the power supply.[12] Depending on the equipment connected, a single earth ground connection to the field wiring by itself may not cause any problems, aside from the fault indication. It is best to determine and repair the cause of the Earth Ground Fault to prevent future problems.[12]
Using the Half-Circuit Method
One way to troubleshoot a ground condition is to remove half of the building addressable circuit and find the side with the ground, and then remove the part with the ground in half again and so on. When you get close, then you examine the wiring and when it is in a conduit pipe, remove the wiring to examine or replace the wiring to permanently eliminate the problem. If the ground-fault disappeared, then the ground-fault will most likely return.[13]
See also
References
- ↑ CEN – European Committee for Standardization :: Standards. Cen.eu. Retrieved on 2013-02-02.
- ↑ Chenebert, A., Breckon, T.P., Gaszczak, A. (September 2011). "A Non-temporal Texture Driven Approach to Real-time Fire Detection". Proc. International Conference on Image Processing (PDF). IEEE. pp. 1781–1784. doi:10.1109/ICIP.2011.6115796. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
- ↑ "Chapter 3 Fundamental Fire Protection Program and Design Elements". NFPA 805 Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for Light Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants. National Fire Protection Association. February 2001. standard: Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems 3.10.7.
|first1=missing|last1=in Authors list (help) - ↑ "Chapter 4 Annex A". NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems. National Fire Protection Association. 2011. standard: A.4.5.6.2.2.
|first1=missing|last1=in Authors list (help) - ↑ Cote, Arthur E. (March 2000). Fire Protection Handbook eighteenth edition. National Fire Protection Association. pp. 5–8. ISBN 0-87765-377-1.
- ↑ NFPA 72 – National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code – 2010 Edition. National Fire Alarm Association, 2009, Page 118, Subsection 24.4.1
- ↑ "Fire Industry Association Fact File 0058". fia.uk.com. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
- ↑ http://firealarmresources.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Siemens-SXL-EX-Installation-Operation-and-Maintenance-Manual.pdf SIEMENS | SXL-EX CONTROL PANEL | (For SXL-EX Firmware Revision 2.0 and higher) | Operation, Installation, and Maintenance Manual | Page 27
- ↑ http://www.firelite.com/en-US/support/faqs/Pages/frequently-asked-questions.aspx "Ground Faults" | Honeywell FireLITE
- ↑ https://www.tycosafetyproducts-anz.com/public/Manuals/Simplex-Fault-Guide.pdf Simplex Fire Products - Fault & Assistance Guide
- ↑ http://bgm.stanford.edu/sites/all/lbre-shared/files/bgm/files/shared/file/SU-FMO%20Fire%20Alarm%20System%20Basics%20Presentation%20to%20Building%20Managers%207-28-2014.pdf Fire Alarm System Principles | STANFORD UNIVERSITY FIRE MARSHAL’S OFFICE at the ENVIRONMENT HEALTH & SAFETY DEPT.
- 1 2 http://www.lifesafetypower.com/docs/an32_earthground_faults.pdf LifeSafety Power, Inc. | Troubleshooting Earth Ground Faults APPLICATION NOTE AN-32 | August 2014
- ↑ http://www.securitysales.com/article/fire-side-chat-digging-deeper-to-solve-ground-faults/fire_side_chat SECURITY SALES & INTEGRATION | Fire Side Chat: Digging Deeper to Solve Ground-Faults | Al Colombo addresses comments prompted by the September's column, "Finding Faults in Fire Systems." | By Al Colombo · October 31, 2010
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fire alarm. |
- Example Specification Section 283100 Fire Alarm Systems
- Authoritative guide to fire alarm systems in UK
- NFPA Standards
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