First Battle of Amgala (1976)

First Battle of Amgala (1976)
Part of Western Sahara War
Date27–29 January 1976
LocationAmgala, Western Sahara
26°26′48″N 11°30′53″W / 26.44667°N 11.51472°W / 26.44667; -11.51472Coordinates: 26°26′48″N 11°30′53″W / 26.44667°N 11.51472°W / 26.44667; -11.51472[1]
Result Decisive Moroccan victory; Algerian retreat from Amgala.[2]
Belligerents
Morocco Morocco Algeria Algeria
Strength
unknown 1 battalion of 400 men[3]
Casualties and losses
2 killed, 14 wounded [4]400 killed (Algerian claim);[5] 200 killed, 102 to 109 captured[5][6][3]
Location within Western Sahara

The First Battle of Amgala (1976) was fought on 27–29 January 1976 around the oasis of Amgala, Western Sahara,[lower-alpha 1] about 260 kilometres (160 mi) west of the border with Algeria. Units from the Algerian Army were attacked by units from the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces on the night of 27 January.[9] The Algerians withdrew after fighting for 36 hours.[10]

Spanish Sahara was one of the last colonial possessions in Africa.[11] Morocco had been fighting Spain for the liberation of this territory since 1957 after the Ifni war while Polisario Front, an organization of the local Sahrawi people, had been fighting for independence since its foundation on 1973.[12] The United Nations had long called for a plebiscite on the future status of the colony, but in November 1975 Spain signed an agreement under which it was split between Morocco and Mauritania with no prior referendum.[11][13] By January 1976 Morocco controlled most towns in their assigned sector.[8] Thousands of Sahrawi nomads were fleeing east to Algeria.[14]

Algeria claimed their troops were providing food and medical supplies to refugees at Amgala, while Morocco said the Algerian troops were heavily armed and were aiding Polisario. The Moroccan attack went in during the night of 27 January, and on 29 January the Algerians withdrew. The number of deaths on either side is disputed, but over 100 Algerians were taken prisoner.[15] The two countries seemed close to war, but after intense diplomacy and one other possible encounter at Amgala in February 1976 there were no further engagements between Algerian and Moroccan troops.[16]

Background

Western Sahara

The sparsely populated region of Western Sahara was formerly the Spanish colonial possession of Spanish Sahara.[11] It was mainly inhabited by the Sahrawi people, a nomadic people of mixed Arab and Berber origin who practice Sunni Islam.[17][18] In 1966 the United Nations General Assembly called on Spain to hold a plebiscite on self-determination for the territory.[11] The United Nations reaffirmed this demand several times in the following years, the last time on 10 December 1975.[19] In May 1973 the Polisario Front was formed to fight for independence. Algeria provided a haven for Polisario and for Sahrawi refugees in the Tindouf area.[12] Over the following years, Polisario gained control over large parts of the interior. Polisario's numbers were increased by deserters from the Spanish-led Tropas Nómadas and territorial police.[20]

Under the Madrid Accords of 14 November 1975, Spain agreed to divide the region between Morocco and Mauritania without holding a referendum.[13] Details of the agreement were secret, but seem to have included economic concessions to Spain.[21] The Moroccan army entered Dakhla (formerly Villa Cisneros) on 9 January 1976, and on 12 January was joined by Mauritanian troops. On that day the last Spanish Legion troops left the Western Sahara.[8] Algeria, which had not been consulted in the Madrid Accords, had launched a campaign in support of Western Sahara self-determination. In December 1975 large numbers of Moroccans were expelled from Algeria, and Algeria began to infiltrate troops into Western Sahara.[22] By the end of 1975 there were 20,000 Algerian soldiers in the Spanish Sahara or in the neighboring Tindouf zone.[23] According to the Red Cross, about 40,000 refugees were fleeing eastward to escape the advancing Moroccan forces.[14]

Battle

Soviet made 2K12 Kvadrat (SA-6B Gainful) missile batteries in Baghdad. Reporters were shown missiles with Algerian army markings at Amgala after the battle.

In January 1976, the Amgala waterhole was being used as a staging point for refugees being evacuated to Algeria, assisted by Algerian troops.[24] According to the Algerians, their troops were supplying refugees with food and medical supplies. The Moroccans said that the Algerians were heavily armed with field guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns and missiles.[15] Some sources say Polisario fighters were present at Amgala, and Algeria had supplied an SA-6 antiaircraft battery with trained Algerian operators so Polisario could fend off Moroccan aircraft using napalm bombs.[25][26][27] The Moroccans showed reporters Soviet-made missiles with Algerian army markings at the site a few days after the battle.[15]

On the night of 27 January, Moroccan troops surprised the Algerian troops at Amgala.[15] The subsequent engagement lasted for 36 hours. According to Moroccan sources, about 1,200 men were involved in the battle including Algerian soldiers and Sahrawi militia men. The Algerians withdrew on 29 January.[10]

A Polisario spokesman said 440 Moroccans were killed. A Moroccan spokesman said only two of the attackers died and fourteen were wounded, while about 200 Algerians were killed and 109 captured.[15] The Moroccans said they also captured twelve Sahrawis from the Polisario Front.[10] The Algerian newspaper El Moudjahid claimed 400 Moroccan deaths, and went on to say Algeria would have chosen more effective weapons and a more strategic location than the Western Sahara if the intent had been to attack Morocco.[5] International Red Cross officials confirmed the number of Algerian prisoners when they visited them in their place of detention near Rabat.[15]

Aftermath

The day after the attack, on 28 January Algerian President Houari Boumediene sent messages to heads of state around the world. To leaders of the non-aligned countries he said that Algeria was concerned only with the right to self-determination of their brothers and neighbors in Western Sahara, who were facing what amounted to genocide. To the socialists he talked of the Moroccan imperialist strategy in the region. To the western leaders he talked of the right to a free and fair referendum to determine the future of the country. Algeria also presented their position to the United Nations and its Security Council, and held a series of meetings with Arab leaders. Egypt took the most active role in the follow-up diplomacy, calling for an immediate cease-fire and a meeting between the heads of state of Morocco, Algeria and Egypt to resolve the issue, but this was not accepted.[28] Algeria started to provide arms and training to Polisario forces.[24]

On 3 February 1976 Morocco declared that it was willing to submit its dispute with Algeria to arbitration by the Arab League, the Organization of Arab Unity or the United Nations. The U.N. Secretary General appointed Olof Rydbeck, the Swedish ambassador to the U.N. as a mediator. Rydbeck's appointment was welcomed by Algeria, but treated with reserve by Morocco. He visited Western Sahara between 7 and 11 February, visiting El Aaiún, Dakhla and Smara.[28] Although he talked to some local people, he was not able to meet Polisario representatives.[29]

While this diplomacy was continuing, Morocco and Mauritania were completing their occupation of the territory. On 12 February 1976 the Moroccan army occupied Al Mahbes, a community 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the Algerian border that commanded the route to Tindouf. Polisario could not hope to defeat the Moroccan army in open battle, so adopted a guerilla policy of raids and withdrawals to create a zone of insecurity.[29] Renewed fighting flared up at Amgala in February 1976.[30] In an engagement on the night of 14–15 February a force attacked the garrison that Morocco had left at Amgala, causing several dozen deaths.[31] The Moroccan garrison was almost wiped out.[32] Hassan II of Morocco immediately accused Algeria of involvement in the attack, saying the Algerians had used heavy weapons "in numbers conceived for annihilation." Algeria denied that they had participated, and said only Polisario forces had been involved.[15]

These two engagements at Amgala are the only two cases where Algerian and Moroccan troops came into conflict during the Western Sahara War.[33] There were many stories of later Algerian involvement, but there was no proof since no Algerian prisoners were taken after Amgala.[16] In Addis Ababa later that month, Algeria worked for recognition of the Polisario Front by the Organisation of African Unity.[34] Spain officially withdrew from the territory on 27 February 1976, and that day Polisario formally proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).[7] Algeria recognized SADR on 6 March 1976. The next day Morocco broke off diplomatic relations with Algeria.[34] Later in the spring of 1976, Polisario regained Amgala. Morocco took the position once again in May 1977.[24]

Ten years later, with a thawing of relations between Algeria and Morocco, on 25 May 1987 one hundred and fifty Moroccan prisoners of war were exchanged for 102 Algerian soldiers captured during the Battle of Amgala in 1976.[35] Further serious fighting occurred at the oasis in the Battle of Amgala, when Polisario fighters attacked and defeated Moroccan troops before retreating.[36]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ The term "Western Sahara" is used here in the geographical sense. In theory, Western Sahara was under Spanish administration until 27 February 1976.[7] Moroccan forces occupied Smara on 27 November 1975, and they and the Mauritanians progressively took over the rest of the Western Saharan settlements in the weeks that followed. The last Spanish troops left from Villa Cisneros on 12 January 1976.[8] After that, control of the region was (and still is) disputed.[7]

Citations

  1. ↑ Rodrigue 2011, p. 69.
  2. ↑ (French) D. Frémy & M. Frémy, Quid 2005, p. 1325, col. A : Sahara Occidental, Histoire. Ed. Laffont (ISBN 2286007187)
  3. 1 2 Barbier 2003, p. 185.
  4. ↑ Cuatrocientos muertos... 1976.
  5. 1 2 3 Cuatrocientos muertos ... 1976.
  6. ↑ Abdelhak El Merini, L'armée marocaine à travers l'Histoire, Dar Nachr Al Maârifa 2000, p.421 (ISBN 9981-808-42-3)
  7. 1 2 3 Chatty 2010, p. 42.
  8. 1 2 3 Thompson, Thompson & Adloff 1980, p. 176.
  9. ↑ Hollowell 2009, p. 11.
  10. 1 2 3 Argelia acusa ... 1976.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Suksi 1993, p. 257.
  12. 1 2 Naylor 2006, p. 384.
  13. 1 2 McDonald & Fischer 2005, p. 376.
  14. 1 2 Jensen 2005, p. 29.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hughes 2006, p. 252.
  16. 1 2 Zartman 1990, p. 44.
  17. ↑ Callahan & Shillington 560.
  18. ↑ Pieroni & Vandebroek 2009, p. 246-247.
  19. ↑ Rauschning, Wiesbrock & Lailach 1997, p. 186.
  20. ↑ Cuervo 2006, p. 213.
  21. ↑ Jensen 2005, p. 28.
  22. ↑ Berramdane 1992, p. 61-62.
  23. ↑ Zartman 1990, p. 43.
  24. 1 2 3 Mikaberidze 2011, p. 96.
  25. ↑ Milestones.
  26. ↑ Pennell 2000, p. 340.
  27. ↑ Brzoska & Pearson 1994, p. 164.
  28. 1 2 Barbier 2003, p. 186-187.
  29. 1 2 Barbier 2003, p. 188.
  30. ↑ Berramdane 1992, p. 61.
  31. ↑ Barbier 2003, p. 189.
  32. ↑ San Martin 1976.
  33. ↑ Thompson, Thompson & Adloff 1980, p. 239.
  34. 1 2 Berramdane 1992, p. 62.
  35. ↑ France Libertés 2003, p. 16.
  36. ↑ Basco 1989.

Sources

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